Fault Activation in Central Mongolia during the Holocene: Results of Study of the Mogod Earthquake Ruptures

—In order to determine the seismotectonic activity of faults in the Holocene, we performed trench studies of the ruptures produced by the catastrophic Mogod earthquake (5 January 1967, M = 7.5–7.8, I0 = 9–10) in the junction zone of the N–S striking Hulzhin Gol fault and the NW striking Tullet fault. Paleoseismic interpretation of seismic-deformation sections and radiocarbon dating of the samples allowed determining the kinematics and obtaining, for the first time, the absolute ages of paleoevents preceding the Mogod earthquake. Analysis of the tectonic conditions for realization of earthquake sources has shed light on the complex structure of ruptures in the area of the Mogod earthquake epicenter, within which three segments differing in the displacement amplitudes and kinematics have been identified. The research data indicate the repeated activation of the Tulet and Hulzhin Gol faults in the Late Pleistocene–Holocene. The absolute age of the latest activation is 596–994 AD for the Tulet fault and 11,379–6235 BC for the Hulzhin Gol fault. The cumulative deformation from paleoearthquakes in the trench sections in the Tulet fault zone points to at least two displacements of thrust kinematics, with the latest of them having an amplitude of 2.8 m. The paleoearthquake in the Hulzhin Gol fault zone is characterized by the presence of lateral slip. The amplitudes of deformations attest to earlier earthquakes similar in energy to the 1967 Mogod event or even stronger in the fault node. The obtained data on the timing of these earthquakes and the amplitudes of the accompanying displacements made it possible to estimate slip rates along the faults: 0.2–0.3 m/kyr horizontal-slip rates on the Hulzhin Gol fault and 0.5–0.7 m/kyr vertical-slip rates on the Tulet fault.

Geochemical monitoring of mantle-derived gases migration along active faults: case of Vapor cave (southern Spain)

<p>Fluid migration along faults can be highly complex and spatially variable, with channelled flow along karstified structures of the vadose zone. One such example is Vapor cave, near the urban area of Alhama de Murcia, situated along a tectonically active, NE-SW trending master fault as results of the convergence between Africa and the microplate of Iberia. Vapor cave represents an outstanding gases-blowout site from the upper vadose zone, developed in a favourably fissured carbonate-cemented conglomerate host rock under hypogene speleogenesis by the upwelling of hydrothermal (>33°C, and 100% relative humidity) and CO<sub>2</sub>-rich air, in or from the zone of fluid-geodynamic influence.</p><p>In this study, we investigate the gaseous composition and, specifically, the geochemical fingerprint of deep-origin greenhouse gases (CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>) of both cave and soil air at Vapor cave. Detailed surveys were conducted to monitor the deep-origin gases exhaled by the cave, by using high precision field-deployable CRDS and FTIR spectrometers to in situ and real time measure the concentration and δ<sup>13</sup>C of both carbon-GHGs. Inert gases like radon were also measured in parallel by a pulse-counting ionization chamber (alpha spectroscopy). The collected data provide new insights into the control exerted by active fault segments on deep-seated gas migration toward the surface.</p><p>The C species of the deep-origin fluids are dominated by CO<sub>2</sub> (concentration higher than 1% and δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> ranging from −4.5 to −7.5‰) with the abundance of CH<sub>4</sub> below the atmospheric background. It is estimated that the exhaled  air  represents  between  1 to 3%  of  this  pure‐theoretical  CO<sub>2</sub>  added  from  the  deep  endogenous source feeding the cave atmosphere and linked to the fault activity. Anomalous radon concentrations recorded at this site also confirm the contribution of this geogenic gas in the cave atmosphere (<sup>222</sup>Rn ranges 40-60 kBq/m<sup>3</sup> at -30 m depth) and its accumulation in the overlying soil (exceeding 10K kBq/m<sup>3</sup>).</p><p>In contrast to the release of large volumes of deep endogenous CO<sub>2</sub>, Vapor cave constitutes an effective sink of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). The deep-sourced CH<sub>4</sub> is continuously depleted and <sup>13</sup>C-enriched along the vertical migration pathway into the cave (CH<sub>4</sub><1 ppm and δ<sup>13</sup>C close to −30‰). Some anomalous concentrations of deep endogenous methane have been already registered in the cave air, e.g. during march 2016, with CH<sub>4</sub> ranging 2.3 to 3.4 ppm and δ<sup>13</sup>C-CH<sub>4 </sub>lighter than that found in the local background atmosphere. These anomalous CH<sub>4</sub> data could be related to the occurrence of contemporary earthquakes, characterized by a total amount of seismic energy released of 4.9 x 10<sup>9</sup> J and epicenter locations southwest of the cave and within a radius of 20 km.</p><p>The continuous depletion of CH<sub>4</sub> in the cave air constitutes itself a very valuable property in terms of using as potential earthquake precursor in combination with other geochemical indicators. Hence, any anomalous concentration and isotopic deviation of this gas in the cave atmosphere with reference to the background level in the cave atmosphere could denote a more intense migration of endogenous fluids through the upper vadose zone, which could be related with an increase of the regional seismotectonic activity.</p>