Effect of Beta Carotene on the Ionisable Iron Content of Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is widely produced and consumed in India. It is one of the staple foods of India. As majority of Indian population have vegetarian diets, cereals constitute a major portion. Important nutrients like iron are usually from non-haem sources. Although, wheat contains iron, it has low bioavailability due to the presence of iron inhibitors like phytate. Recent studies have indicated that beta carotene can be a potential iron enhancer with the probability of phytate-chelating mechanism. As ionisable iron is an indicator of bioavailability, this study analysed the influence of beta carotene (synthetic and natural) on ionisable iron content of wheat. Three varieties of wheat samples were procured, ground into flour and prepared into rotis. The total iron, ionisable iron and phytate content of grain, flour and roti was estimated. The percent increase in ionisable iron content for synthetic beta carotene was 13.1±6.7%, whereas, for natural beta carotene, i.e., carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus), it was 10.06±1.35%. This study indicates that both synthetic and natural beta carotene have a positive effect on ionisable iron content of wheat.

Hubungan Konsumsi Sumber Pangan Enhancer Dan Inhibitor Zat Besi Dengan Kejadian Anemia Pada Ibu Hamil

Background: One of the important nutrients for pregnant women is iron. Iron absorption can be increased by consuming iron enhancers food source and reducing the intake of iron inhibitor food sources. Inhibited iron absorption will lead to anemia and can have adverse effects on pregnancy and fetal conditions.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyzed the consumption habits of iron enhancers and inhibitors food sources associated with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.Methods: This research was an observational analytic study with cross sectional design included 43 third trimester pregnant women in Pajarakan Sub-district Probolinggo District, the sample was taken by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and measurement of Hb level by performing laboratory examination using Cyanmethemoglobin method, then the data analyzed by using spearman correlation test.Results: The results showed mean of hemoglobin level in pregnant women is 11.21±1.07 g/dl. The most of third trimester Pregnant Women rarely consume food source of iron enhancer (60,5%) and rarely consume food source of iron inhibitor (39,5%), and respondents who have anemia high enogh (41.9%). There was no correlation between consumption habits of food source of iron enhancer with the occurrence of anemia (p= 0.420). There was strong relation between consumption habit of food source of iron inhibitor with the incidence of anemia in pregnant mother of the third trimester (p=0.005; r=0.424).Conclusion: Food consumption habits of iron inhibitors contribute to the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women so the mother is advised to reduce the consumption of food sources of iron inhibitors to minimize the occurrence of anemia. ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Salah satu zat gizi yang penting bagi ibu hamil adalah zat besi. Penyerapan zat besi dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengkonsumsi sumber pangan enhancer dan mengurangi asupan sumber pangan inhibitor. Terhambatnya penyerapan zat besi meningkatkan risiko anemia yang dapat berakibat buruk bagi kondisi kehamilan dan janin.Tujuan: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kebiasaan konsumsi sumber pangan enhancer dan inhibitor zat besi yang berhubungan dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional pada 43 ibu hamil trimester III di Kecamatan Pajarakan Kabupaten Probolinggo, sampel diambil dengan metode simple random sampling. Pengumpulan data menggunakan Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) dan pengukuran kadar Hb menggunakan uji laboratorium menggunakan metode Cyanmethemoglobin, kemudian data di analisis menggunakan uji korelasi spearman.Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rata-rata kadar hemoglobin pada ibu hamil adalah 11.21 ± 1.07 g/dl. Sebagian besar Ibu Hamil Trimester III jarang mengkonsumsi sumber pangan enhancer zat besi (60,5%) dan jarang mengkonsumsi inhibitor zat besi (39,5%), serta responden yang mengalami anemia juga cukup tinggi (41,9%). Tidak terdapat hubungan antara kebiasaan konsumsi sumber pangan enhancer zat besi dengan kejadian anemia (p= 0.420). Terdapat hubungan cukup kuat antara kebiasaan konsumsi sumber pangan inhibitor zat besi dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil trimester III (p= 0.005; r=0.424).Kesimpulan: Kebiasaan konsumsi sumber pangan inhibitor zat besi berkontribusi terhadap kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil trimester III sehingga ibu disarankan mengurangi konsumsi sumber pangan inhibitor zat besi untuk meminimalisir terjadinya anemia.

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN ZAT BESI DAN INHIBITORNYA SEBAGAI PREDIKTOR KADAR HEMOGLOBIN IBU HAMIL DI KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM

The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women is still high (69,7%). Low iron intake and high intake of iron inhibitors may have a role to the anemia prevalence in pregnant women. However, the contibution of iron inhibitors on anemia prevalence is still unknown. Objective : The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between intakes of iron inhibitors and hemoglobin level of pregnant women. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Muara Enim regency. Subjects of this study were 244 pregnant women with 20-28th weeks of gestation. Iron and iron-inhibitor intake were collected by trained interviewers using food frequency questionnaires. Socioeconomic data were also collected using structured questionnaires. Hemoglobin concentration of pregnant women was measured by using cyamet henoglobin method at the start of the study. Data analysis was done using STATA sofware. Result: About thirty seven present (37,29%) of pregnant women in this population were anemic. In multiple linear regression models, intake of iron, calcium and tannin were significantly associated with hemoglobin concentration ( p< 0,05). Every 1 mg of iron intake was associated with 0,052 gr/dl increase in Hemoglobin concentration. On the other hand, every 1 mg of calcium intake and every 1 gr of tannin intake were associated with 0,00687 gr/dl and 0,123 gr/dl decrease in hemoglobin concentration. Pregnant women with a high iron intake have a higher hemoglobin concentration. In contrast, pregnant women with a high intake of tannin and calcium have a lower hemoglobin concentration.

Protein dynamics and imidazole binding in cytochrome P450 enzymes

P450 (cytochrome P450) enzymes have major roles in the biosynthesis of endogenous factors such as steroids and eicosanoids, in the termination of the action of endogenous factors such as retinoic acid, in the metabolism of most drugs and xenobiotics and in the generation of toxic and carcinogenic products. Understanding the determinants of the substrate and inhibitor specificities of these enzymes is important for drug design. The crystallographic analysis of the deformability of two bacterial P450 active sites associated with the binding of azole (a class of inhibitors with an imidazole or triazole ring that co-ordinates to the haem iron) inhibitors described in the present study illustrates the importance of protein conformational malleability in the binding of imidazole derivatives.