Family names, city size distributions and residential differentiationin Great Britain, 1881–1901

Cities have specialised in particular urban functions throughout history, with consequential implications for urban and regional patterns of economic and social change. This specialisation takes place within overall national city size distributions and is manifest in different but often similarly variegated residential structures. Here we develop a novel and consistent methodological approach for measuring macro-scale city size and micro-scale residential differentiation using individual digital census records for the period 1881–1901. The use of family names and neighbourhood classification of dominant economic and social roles makes it possible to relate the changing city size distribution in Great Britain to patterns of urban growth and residential differentiation within urban areas. Together, we provide an integrated and consistent methodology that links the classification of all major urban area growth in Great Britain to attendant intra-urban geodemographic changes in urban residential structures. We suggest ways in which this manifests social and economic change across the settlement system for both new and long-established residents.

RESIDENTIAL DIFFERENTIATION AT TWO GEOGRAPHIC SCALES – THE METROPOLITAN AREA AND THE CITY: THE CASE OF TEL AVIV

The research of residential differentiation in cities is concentrated on one geographic scale such as metropolitan areas, cities, or counties. As a result, we have relatively little information regarding the extent of residential differentiation and its spatial pattern at different geographic scales. This paper examines the residential differentiation within the socio-spatial structure of the Tel Aviv metropolitan area as it was in 1995. The analysis is conducted at two geographic scales. The first analyzes the entire metropolitan area as one spatial entity; the second examines the 22 cities located within that area. We applied the method of classical factorial social ecology to investigate residential differentiation along the social dimensions of ethnicity, socio-economic status and family status (stage in the family life cycle) in their spatial expression at the metropolitan and city geographic scales. The findings indicated that residential differentiation in the metropolitan area and in cities tends to be dominated by the ethnic dimension, which is most closely associated with the socio-economic dimension. The relative independence of family status enables the formation of socially diverse residential areas which are often organized in nearly a sectoral-concentric pattern. In general, residential differentiation was more significant at the geographic scale of cities.

Changes in the distribution and structure of white-collar workers’ residences in Japan during the period of modernization

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Japan, research on urban residential differentiation has been carried out since the 1970s. Most of this research has focused on large cities using social area analysis and factorial ecology. The poor availability of small area statistics hindered research on urban residential differentiation until the end of the 1960s. Therefore, previous studies that focused on the modern cities in Japan used region-specific materials. For example, Ueno (1981) who studied in Tokyo in the 1920s used the census data calculated by the Tokyo City Office and Mizuuchi (1982) who studied in Osaka from the 1860s to the 1930s used various statistics created by the prefectural police and so on. For this reason, it is difficult to explore the inter-city comparison on the residential differentiation during the period of modernization in Japan.</p><p>This study assesses the possibility of utilizing telephone directories as a data source to determine differences in geographical residence on the basis of occupation and visualize the distribution of white-collar workers’ residences in the mid-1930s in three Japanese cities: Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto. Although the regional situation on the penetration of telephones needs to be considered, the inter-city comparison becomes possible since the telephone directories in which the occupation of telephone subscribers was recorded was made available nationwide in the pre-war period. Since the white-collar workers during that period relatively belonged to the high class, many of them were considered subscribing to telephones. In addition, white-collar workers changed the previous urban structure that consisted of merchants and craftsmen into a modern one. Therefore, white-collar workers are a suitable subject for analyzing the telephone directory and the residential differentiation in the mid-1930s.</p>