scholarly journals Changes in the distribution and structure of white-collar workers’ residences in Japan during the period of modernization

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Takashi Kirimura
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Telephone Directory ◽  
Factorial Ecology ◽  
Residential Differentiation ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Small Area Statistics ◽  
The 1960S

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Japan, research on urban residential differentiation has been carried out since the 1970s. Most of this research has focused on large cities using social area analysis and factorial ecology. The poor availability of small area statistics hindered research on urban residential differentiation until the end of the 1960s. Therefore, previous studies that focused on the modern cities in Japan used region-specific materials. For example, Ueno (1981) who studied in Tokyo in the 1920s used the census data calculated by the Tokyo City Office and Mizuuchi (1982) who studied in Osaka from the 1860s to the 1930s used various statistics created by the prefectural police and so on. For this reason, it is difficult to explore the inter-city comparison on the residential differentiation during the period of modernization in Japan.</p><p>This study assesses the possibility of utilizing telephone directories as a data source to determine differences in geographical residence on the basis of occupation and visualize the distribution of white-collar workers’ residences in the mid-1930s in three Japanese cities: Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyoto. Although the regional situation on the penetration of telephones needs to be considered, the inter-city comparison becomes possible since the telephone directories in which the occupation of telephone subscribers was recorded was made available nationwide in the pre-war period. Since the white-collar workers during that period relatively belonged to the high class, many of them were considered subscribing to telephones. In addition, white-collar workers changed the previous urban structure that consisted of merchants and craftsmen into a modern one. Therefore, white-collar workers are a suitable subject for analyzing the telephone directory and the residential differentiation in the mid-1930s.</p>

The Cultural Deindustrialization of New York

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-386
Author(s):  
Shannan Clark
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Cultural Production ◽  
White Collar ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Economic Insecurity ◽  
Culture Industries ◽  
Daily Newspapers ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

Chapter 8 examines New York’s publishing and broadcasting sectors, which underwent significant deindustrialization during the postwar period. Even as intellectuals and social commentators heralded the rising tide of affluence, supposedly epitomized by white-collar workers engaged in cultural production, in fact tens of thousands employed in the city’s culture industries experienced considerable economic insecurity and inequality. The production of primetime television entertainment largely left the city for Southern California during the 1950s, and attempts during the 1960s at revitalizing New York as a production center were unsuccessful. The structural crisis of the city’s print media led to the closing of multiple daily newspapers during the mid-1960s, followed a few years later by major magazines like Life. Although a new wave of feminist activists combatted workplace discrimination as well as sexist media content, the weakened position of unions and the more general economic retrenchment of the 1970s limited their gains.

scholarly journals Professional Work of Women in State Agricultural Farms (1949–1989) — an Overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Machałek
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Education ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Traditional Roles

Abstract Women employed in State Agricultural Farms (SAF) were blue- and white-collar workers, the former group being more numerous. However, the blue-collar workers mainly worked seasonally, during the period of intensive field work. When it comes to fulltime work, it was usually related to animal production. The demand for this type of work decreased with the progress of mechanization. Meanwhile, the demand for white-collar workers, especially those with agricultural education and experience, increased. Since the 1960s, the SAFs increasingly employed women qualified in agronomy, animal production, and veterinary medicine. However, they were not always accepted in positions traditionally considered “masculine”. For most women, work in SAFs was not attractive due to difficult working conditions and low prestige. If a woman decided to work there, it was usually for economic reasons. Most women did not take up professional activity and performed the traditional roles of wives and mothers.

John Ashbery’s Free Indirect Labor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Bernes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
John Ashbery ◽  
Indirect Discourse ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Tennis Court ◽  
The 1960S

The early poems of John Ashbery must be read as a meditation on the plight of labor, particularly white-collar labor, in the postwar United States. Beginning with an early poem, “The Instruction Manual” (1956), and its exploration of the ambiguous class position of white-collar workers, this chapter tracks themes of both labor and management in Ashbery’s experimental second book, The Tennis Court Oath. In this book the standpoint of the earlier poem gives way to an explosion of shifting voices as Ashbery’s distinctive use of free indirect discourse and other techniques of point of view registers the contemporary breakdown in labor relations and the crisis for established modes of management. In Ashbery’s mature style of the 1970s, this chaotic play of voices yields to a comparatively measured technology of point of view, which reflects the new modes of management that followed the crises of the 1960s and 1970s.

Show Me Your Watch, and I’ll Tell You Where You Work: Obtaining Scarce Goods via the Workplace in 1960s Socialist Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-90
Author(s):  
Annina Gagyiova
Keyword(s):  
White Collar ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Blue Collar Workers ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Usual State ◽  
State Socialist

In the field of consumption history there is growing interest in informal shopping practices, smuggling, and black-market activities in state socialist societies. Yet, little emphasis has been placed on how the foremost socialist workplace, the factory, became a crucial hub for smuggled goods and the extent to which workers played a role within it. This article explores local Budapest court cases from the beginning of the 1960s using the methodological insights of everyday history (Alltagsgeschichte). The cases show that white-collar workers (and in rare cases blue-collar workers) with a command of foreign languages frequently acted as middlemen in making transactions. This specific cultural capital put white-collar workers in a position to gain profit over and above their usual state salary, often contradicting wage hierarchies set by the state. At the same time, blue-collar workers embraced informal shopping possibilities at the factory in a climate of diversifying consumer expectations. This article examines how informal practices of selling and obtaining goods transformed relations among workers and created a new social hierarchy within working-class communities.

The urbanising force of global warming: the role of climate change in the spatial distribution of population

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Castells-Quintana ◽  
Melanie Krause ◽  
Thomas K J McDermott
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Weather Variation ◽  
Urban Concentration

Abstract We study the relationship between changes in weather patterns and the spatial distribution of population and economic activity within countries. Our unique global dataset combines climatic and census data for the period 1950–2015 with satellite data on built-up areas, and light intensity at night for the 1990–2015 periods. We establish a global non-linear effect of climate on urbanisation. In particular, we find that deteriorating climatic conditions are associated with more urbanisation. This happens across the whole urban structure, with urbanisation increasing in both smaller and larger cities. But, we also find that weather variation can alter the national urban structure, including the pattern of urban concentration, as well as the size, density and spatial structure of large cities.

Association Between Job-Stress and VDT Work, and Musculoskeletal Symptoms of Neck and Shoulder Among White-Collar Workers

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eui Cheol Lee ◽  
Hawn Cheol Kim ◽  
Dal Young Jung ◽  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Jong Han Leem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Job Stress ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
White Collar Workers

scholarly journals Design of female white-collar office chair based on ergonomics

2020 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 02101
Author(s):  
Jiao Hu ◽  
Qing Yin ◽  
Canqun He
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Work Efficiency ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
White Collar Workers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Office Chair

In the daily work of office workers, the comfort of the office chair has a great impact on the staff’s work efficiency and human health. Sitting on the office chair for a long time may cause diseases such as cervical, shoulder, and lumbar spine. This article uses online literature research, brand analysis, and offline field research to understand the current status and deficiencies of office chairs, find design points and design directions, and based on ergonomics and sitting analysis research, design general office chairs for female white-collar workers to achieve a comfortable and healthy office purpose.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document