A Review of Modelling of the FCC Unit. Part I: The Riser

Heavy petroleum industries, including the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, are useful for producing fuels but they are among some of the biggest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The recent global push for mitigation efforts against climate change has resulted in increased legislation that affects the operations and future of these industries. In terms of the FCC unit, on the riser side, more legislation is pushing towards them switching from petroleum-driven energy sources to more renewable sources such as solar and wind, which threatens the profitability of the unit. On the regenerator side, there is more legislation aimed at reducing emissions of GHGs from such units. As a result, it is more important than ever to develop models that are accurate and reliable, that will help optimise the unit for maximisation of profits under new regulations and changing trends, and that predict emissions of various GHGs to keep up with new reporting guidelines. This article, split over two parts, reviews traditional modelling methodologies used in modelling and simulation of the FCC unit. In Part I, hydrodynamics and kinetics of the riser are discussed in terms of experimental data and modelling approaches. A brief review of the FCC feed is undertaken in terms of characterisations and cracking reaction chemistry, and how these factors have affected modelling approaches. A brief overview of how vaporisation and catalyst deactivation are addressed in the FCC modelling literature is also undertaken. Modelling of constitutive parts that are important to the FCC riser unit such as gas-solid cyclones, disengaging and stripping vessels, is also considered. This review then identifies areas where current models for the riser can be improved for the future. In Part II, a similar review is presented for the FCC regenerator system.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN AMINE STRENGTH, H2S LOADING DAN pH PADA SAMPEL LEAN AMINE DI LABORATORIUM PT. SIPL

Bahan bakar merupakan hal essensial dalam kehidupan manusia, salah satunya adalah gas alam. Gas alam banyak digunakan di berbagai sektor seperti industri, transportasi, dan rumah tangga. Gas alam diperoleh dari proses pengeboran minyak bumi. Gas alam yang diperoleh masih mengandung gas-gas seperti karbondioksida CO2) dan hidrogen sulfida (H2S) yang perlu dihilangkan karena dapat menyebabkan korosi pipa bahkan memicu terjadinya ledakan. Hasil pembakarannya pun berbahaya bagi manusia dan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan nilai amine strength dan H2S loading serta hubungannya dengan pH sampel lean amine. Analisis nilai amine strength dan H2S loading dilakukan terhadap sampel lean amine, yaitu sampel yang berasal dari amine regenerator system di PT. SIPL. Penentuan nilai amine strength dilakukan dengan titrasi asidimetri dengan larutan HCl 0,5 N sebagai titran menggunakan autotitrator. Penentuan nilai H2S loading dilakukan dengan titrasi iodometri menggunakan larutan standar Na2S2O3 0,1 N. Nilai amine strength yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis selama 7 hari adalah 33,620%; 34,295%; 34,725%; 35,139%; 35,583%; 36,464% dan 36,683%. Nilai H2S loading yang diperoleh dari hasil analisis selama 7 hari yaitu, 0,0587; 0,0376; 0,0372; 0,0500; 0,0356; 0,0367 dan 0,0359 mol/mol. Semakin tinggi nilai pH sampel semakin rendah nilai H2S loading. Nilai H2S loading yang diperoleh masih dalam batas aman yang ditentukan oleh US EPA yaitu 16 ppm.