Analysis of the Formal/Informal Wage Inequalities in Colombia: A Semiparametric Approach

Informality is a common problem in Colombia, with almost 50 percent of the workers employed in this sector. This may be a solution for unemployment, but it is a lose/lose game unless the individuals have a comparative advantage in the informal sector. This article uses information from the Colombian Great Integrated Household Survey (GIHS) to analyze the wage gap between formal and informal urban sectors in two different periods, 2008:4 and 2017:4, using a semiparametric approach. Kernel density functions by groups are estimated; counterfactuals are generated by weighting wages of informal sector workers by their probability of working in the formal sector, to estimate how much an informal sector worker could make if treated as formal, according to his characteristics. The results indicate that only some groups (self-employed and some entrepreneurs) are better off if formalized.

HUBUNGAN SIKAP KERJA TERHADAP KELUHAN MUSCULOSKELETAL PADA PEKERJA HOME INDUSTRY DI SURABAYA

Musculoskeletal disorders were occurred in any workers, one of them are informal sector worker such as home industry in Surabaya. Works were still done manually in home industry can cause Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). Some of the causes of musculoskeletal disorders were work attitude. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between work attitude against musculoskeletal disorders. This research was an observational descriptive research with cross sectional design. Work attitude were measured using RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) The samples of this study were 20 workers who work in home industry. Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and correlation value Phi and Creamers V. The results showed that there were correlations between the work attitude with musculoskeletal disorders. Work attitude had a moderate correlation with correlation value 0.394.The conclusion of this study was work attitude had correlation with musculoskeletal disorders on home industry workers in Surabaya. High-risk work attitude can occur by poor work station condition.Keywords: home industry, musculoskeletal disorders, work attitude

ERGONOMIC WORK ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FOR INFORMAL SECTOR WORKERS (CRAFTSMEN EMPING AND CRIPPERS) IN CILEGON CITY

Informal Sector Worker (Craftsman Emping And Crippers) In Cilegon City has many power. This deficiency can be seen in the condition of the workplace is very unhealthy and at risk for work accidents. Can be seen from the position of the workers who bend over, without using gloves when peeling, and the furnace furnace is not ergonomic for the workers when using it. According Nurmianto (2005), work fatigue will reduce performance and increase the level of work errors. Increased work errors will provide opportunities for workplace accidents in the industry. Static muscle loading (static muscular loading) if maintained for long periods will result in RSI (Repetition StrainInjuries), ie muscle, bone, tendon, and other pain caused by repetitive types of work. Therefore we provide solutions to conduct lectures on craftsman chips and chips in the city of Cilegon. On May 24, 2016 housed Mr. Rohim who is one of the successful craftsmen chips in the city of Cilegon.

Health Risk Characteristic Due to Air Pollution Exposure in Shoe Soles Workers (around Bubutan Road in Surabaya city)

Risk characterization is end of the risk assessment process. Toxin agent can enter the human body by inhalation process, skin (dermis) and digestion process. The objectives of this research is to determine risk characterization of exposure to air pollutans on the health of sole services worker. This study was an observational study with cross sectional approach. 25 people of this sampel study were the total population. Independent variabels were age, weight, lenght of work in this sector, lenght of exposure time, number of working days. Dependent variabels were the concentration of CO, SO2 and NO2. Data were analyzed descriptively and the result of the data would be narrated and shown on the frequency table. Result the exposure assessment of carbon monoxide parameter on sole services workers were gotten the highest intake value was 0.2028 mg/kg/day and the lowest value was 0.0085 mg/kg/day, sulfur dioxide parameter on sole services worker were gotten the highest intake value was 0.0004028 mg/kg/day and the lowest value was 0.0000169 mg/kg/day, nitrogen dioxide parameter on sole services worker were gotten the highest intake value was 0.01238 mg/kg/day and the lowest value was 0.00051 mg/kg/day. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that RQ < 1 showed that air quality is still safe. But, in fact is still founded the lamentation of the health disruption and the uncomfort air condition arround the survey area. Research of Refferences of Concentration (RfC) will be needed, especially for CO, SO2 and NO2 parameter fi t of the characteristic of Indonesian people and especially informal sector worker in Surabaya.Keywords: Risk Quotient, Exposure of CO, SO2 and NO2, Workers