Problem Solving Heuristic to Develop Scientific Reasoning

Scientific reasoning patterns of students formal operational base on the implementation of problem solving heuristic methods has been obtained. The aim of this research is knowing the influence of heuristic problem solving method that has been designed on practicum sheet of discovery learning model to develop scientific reasoning of students. The samples are 32 students in junior high school at 11-13 years old. The methods are CTSR test of scientific reasoning by Lawson and interview. The research design is one grup pretest-posttest. The results indicated that problem solving heuristic methods can be a factor to develop scientific reasoning of students. The lowest level of scientific reasoning (concrete reasoning pattern) is decrease 34,38%. The middle level of scientific reasoning (transitional reasoning pattern) is increase 31,25%. The highest level of scientific reasoning (formal reasoning pattern) is increase 3,13%. Heuristic methods helping students to develop scientific skills, such as setting hypotheses, modifying variables, and analyzing results of research. The scientific reasoning pattern can not be classified by age. People who has older of age has not impact in high scientific reasoning level than younger people. If someone fail on concrete aspect, it is not necessarily that person will be fail in formal aspect.

DEVELOPMENT OF LARSON’S PROBLEMS SOLVING PATTERNS WITH "IDEAL" STRATEGIES

Mathematical Problem-solving is taught to improve students' high-order thinking skills. A heuristic problem-solving strategy is used to find different Problem-solving. This research is to: 1) describe the student's Problem-solving ability profile in finding the pattern of algebra solving through the "IDEAL" (Identify Define Explore Act Look back) strategy by developing Larson’s Problem-solving pattern, 2) measuring the extent of the pattern can be formed by using " IDEAL". Finding patterns is part of the first heuristic strategy. The research method used a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. Problems conveyed to students are done in pairs of two people, with the consideration that more discussion opportunities with friends make it possible to get more than five troubleshooting as Larson puts it. The results showed that: 1) profile Problem-solving ability found pattern with "IDEAL" strategy from student got result that from problem given to 20 student group can help solve algebra Problem-solving; 2) there are four kinds of Problem-solving patterns consisting of 3 Larson model Problem-solving patterns and one Problem-solving pattern using geometry sequence pattern.Keyword: Problem-solving Pattern, Heuristic, “IDEAL” StrategyAbstrak: Pemecahan masalah matematika diajarkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemikiran tingkat tinggi mahasiswa. Strategi pemecahan masalah heuristic digunakan untuk menemukan pemecahan masalah yang berbeda. Penelitian ini untuk: 1) menggambarkan profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah mahasiswa dalam menemukan pola pemecahan aljabar melalui strategi “IDEAL” (Identify Define Explore Act Look back) dengan mengembangkan pola pemecahan masalah Larson, 2) mengukur sejauhmana pola yang dapat dibentuk mahasiswa dengan menggunakan strategi “IDEAL”. Menemukan Pola merupakan bagian dari strategi heuristik yang pertama. Metode penelitiannya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis deskriptif. Masalah yang disampaikan kepada mahasiswa dikerjakan secara berpasangan dua orang, dengan pertimbangan bahwa semakin banyak peluang diskusi dengan teman memungkinkan untuk mendapatkan pemecahan masalah lebih dari lima seperti yang disampailan Larson. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) profil kemampuan pemecahan masalah menemukan pola dengan strategi “IDEAL” dari mahasiswa diperoleh hasil bahwa dari masalah yang diberikan kepada 20 kelompok mahasiswa dapat membantu menyelesaikan pemecahan masalah aljabar; 2) terdapat empat macam pola pemecahan masalah yang terdiri dari 3 pola pemecahan masalah model Larson dan satu pola pemecahan masalah dengan menggunakan pola barisan geometri.Kata Kunci: Pola pemecahan masalah, Heuristik, Strategi “IDEAL”

ACTVOD-futures workshop – a generic structure for a one-day futures workshop

Purpose This paper introduces a generic structure for a futures workshop, developed especially to be used in brief practically oriented foresight projects. Based on experiences of tens of dozens of workshops where this method has been used, this paper aims to inform and educate practitioners of futures studies on the method and discuss its characteristics. Design/methodology/approach The design of the ACTVOD workshop method was influenced by the need to have a futures workshop design that would encourage creativity and allow for the hosting of a futures workshop in a rather short amount of time. ACTVOD takes advantage from several theoretical insights and methods within futures studies. It combines elements from heuristic problem-solving, scenario workshops (focus on finding action plans towards desired future) and soft systems methodology. Findings ACTVOD is a rather easy and time-efficient way of producing and collecting good-quality insights on the future and bringing those insights to a practical level. Major challenges using it relate to the transition between workshop stages and on reporting, which relies heavily on participants' activity. Originality/value This is the first time the characteristics of the ACTVOD workshop method are thoroughly introduced in an academic journal. Learning of the method would be useful for practitioners of participatory futures studies methods, especially those who are frequently invited to facilitate short workshops for varying audiences.

IMPLEMENTASI HEURISTIC PROBLEM SOLVING DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL CERITA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRESTASI DAN SIKAP MATEMATIKA

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prestasi belajar dan sikap siswa terhadap matema-tika melalui <em>heuristic problem solving</em> dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika. Penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas kolaboratif dengan guru matematika kelas IV SD sebagai kolabora-tor pelaksana tindakan. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi tes prestasi belajar, angket sikap siswa ter-hadap matematika, dan observasi. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah soal tes prestasi belajar, angket sikap siswa terhadap matematika, dan lembar observasi. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis des-kriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prestasi belajar dan sikap siswa terhadap ma-tematika mengalami peningkatan setelah dilaksanakan tindakan melalui <em>heuristic problem solving</em> dalam menyelesaikan soal cerita matematika. Tes prestasi belajar sebelum tindakan adalah 59,5%, kemudian meningkat 72,9% pada siklus I, dan meningkat lagi menjadi 91,8% pada siklus II. Hasil angket sikap siswa terhadap matematika juga mengalami peningkatan, dari 48,7 pada pra tindakan, meningkat menjadi 81,1 dengan kriteria positif pada siklus I dan meningkat lagi menjadi 86,5 dengan kriteria positif pada siklus II.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: <em>heuristic problem solving</em>, soal cerita, prestasi, sikap siswa.</p>