Shakespeare’s Renaissance Realism

This chapter illustrates William Shakespeare’s Renaissance realism, an intermediate mode between medieval and modern. Locally, this may imitate reality naturalistically; but in its larger coherence, it adopts multiple-perspective viewpoints that are often related morally or psychologically rather than causally. Shakespeare’s comedies even combine allegory with illusionistic representation. The chapter then turns to Shakespeare’s tragedies, particularly examining Hamlet. In Shakespeare’s Renaissance realism, what may seem gaps are really transitions between perspectives. Realism through relational mirror images seems to have been quite accessible to Renaissance audiences. Direct and indirect mimesis were not conflicting opposites but complementary, mutually supportive perspectives. Shakespearean mimesis could ‘suit the action to the words’, combining indirect with direct representation, ‘external’ metaphors with subjective introspection.

Investigation of rotating detonation fueled by pre-combustion cracked kerosene under different channel widths

In this study, the effects of channel widths on the characteristics of the rotating detonation wave (RDW) were investigated. Pre-combustion cracked kerosene and 50% oxygen-enriched air were taken as the propellant. Keeping the outer diameter ( D = 150mm) constant, the channel widths ( W) of the combustor range from 15 mm to 50 mm in the experiments. The results indicate that the time for the formation of a stable RDW is longer under the wider channel, while the velocity of the RDW increases significantly with a wider channel. Increasing the ER has a positive effect on the wave velocity and the flow rate has little effect on wave velocity. The wave pressure increases under the higher ER and flow rate. Under the same flow rate and ER, the RDW pressure tends to reach the maximum value when the channel width is 25 mm, and the pressure range is 2 bar to 6 bar. Five kinds of the RDW modes were observed in the experiments, namely the failure “pop-out”, single-wave mode, two-counter rotating waves mode, and two-co rotating waves mode. The two-counter rotating waves mode seems to be an intermediate mode of single-wave mode and two-co rotating waves mode in the conducted experiments, and the multi-wave mode is more likely to occur under the narrower channel and the higher oxygen content.

Inevitable consequences of ion–neutral damping of intermediate MHD waves in Sun-like stars

ABSTRACT In the context of the solar atmosphere, we re-examine the role of neutral and ionized species in dissipating the ordered energy of intermediate-mode MHD waves into heat. We solve conservation equations for the hydrodynamics and for hydrogen and helium ionization stages, along closed tubes of magnetic field. First, we examine the evolution of coronal plasma under conditions where coronal heating has abruptly ceased. We find that cool (<105K) structures are formed lasting for several hours. MHD waves of modest amplitude can heat the plasma through ion–neutral collisions with sufficient energy rates to support the plasma against gravity. Then we examine a calculation starting from a cooler atmosphere. The calculation shows that warm (>104) K long (> several Mm) tubes of plasma arise by the same mechanism. We speculate on the relevance of these solutions to observe properties of the Sun and similar stars whose atmospheres are permeated with emerging magnetic fields and stirred by convection. Perhaps this elementary process might help to explain the presence of ‘cool loops’ in the solar transition region and the production of broad components of transition region lines. The production of ionized hydrogen from such a simple and perhaps inevitable mechanism may be an important step towards finding the more complex mechanisms needed to generate coronae with temperatures in excess of 106K, independent of a star’s metallicity.

Research on Integrated Data Environment for Aviation Equipments Based on Extensive Interactivity of IETMs

As a focus for the current research in the informatization field, Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals (IETMs) involve all kinds of activities relating to equipment support and diversified extensible interactive interfaces. By studying the interaction of IETMs for aviation equipments with other information systems, IETMs functions can be expanded in terms of maintenance aiding, training aiding and technical data management aiding. By creating an integrated data environment framework of IETMs for aviation equipments with Extensible Markup Language (XML) technology, an intermediate mode, the information exchange and sharing can be achieved between different data sources, and the supportability and supporting capability of aviation equipments can be improved.