Comparative Floral Morphology and Anatomy of Gagea s. str. and Lloydia

Flowers of the five species from the four sections of the genus Gagea (that is, G. lutea , G. pusilla , G. reticulata , G. fragifera , and G. serotina (syn. Lloydia serotina ) were investigated by light microscopy. All investigated species had similar flower organization, vertical zonality of the gynoecium, and floral vascularization. In all species, the flowers were trimerous, with the superior ovary and short complete or semicomplete syntepalous zone at the base. The presence of the syntepalous zone allows consideration of such flowers as an intermediate between hypogynous and perigynous. All investigated species had nectaries at the base of the tepals. However, in Gagea s. str., they were represented by relatively small nectariferous areas of the tepals located at the beginning of the synascidiate zone of the gynoecium. In contrast, the nectaries in G. serotina were represented by elongated tepalar outgrowths located higher, at the level of the fertile symplicate zone of the gynoecium. Considering reports on the potential peltate origin of the nectaries in G. serotina , it is probably incorrect to interpret them as homologous to the nectaries in Gagea s. str. The gynoecium in the studied species demonstrated identical vertical zonality with synascidiate, symplicate, and asymptomatic zones, and corresponded to type C of the syncarpous gynoecium. At the base of the ovary, three carpels were congenitally isolated (primary synascidiate zone); however, they were isolated only postgenitally (secondary synascidiate zone). This secondary synascidiate zone originated from a symplicate zone due to the fusion of the carpelar margins. Although it looks like a synascidiate zone, for correct interpretation of the gynoecium’s vertical structure, it should be considered symplicate. The vascularization of the flower in all investigated species was similar, with the participation of lateral vascular bundles in the supply of placentas.

Influence of the vertical zonality of moun-tain ranges of Kabardino-Balkaria on quantitative indicators of sheep infection with bio - and geohelminthes

This article is devoted to the study of susceptibility of sheep to bio - and geohel-minthes at an altitude of 1200 - 3500 m. The sea in the mountain tracts of Kabardino-Balkaria. It is established that in the tracts of Intsyty, Dzhalpak, home, Dougat, located at an altitude of 1200 - 1500 m. the sheep have the same frequency of occurrence. In the tracts of Intsyty, Dzhalpak, home, Dougat, gastrointestinal helminths of 12 species, with the exception of the species T. skrjabi-ni Kalant., 1928, had a high EI level of 47-69%. The tracts Shyki, Bashil, Irikchat, Tyzyl located at an altitude of 1500 - 2000 m.n.u. Sea, sheep folk selection of 5 types of bio - and geohelminthes were found with high incidence (EI = 45-70%); 6 species above the average level of occurrence (EI = 29-38%); 13 species with an average level (EI = 13-24%; 2 species with low levels of reg-istration (EI = 6-12%). Sheep national selection in the tract Irikchat, Tyzyl, Gil-Su, Ush-tulu, Adylsu at an altitude of 2000 - 2500 m, are defined 4 types geohelminthes, they found a higher than average incidence levels (EI = 30-40%); 6 species with an average level of occurrence (ee = 14-26%); 3 species with a weak registration (EI = 7-12%). At an altitude of 2500 - 3000 m in the hole Dykhtau, Zhangugan, Donguz-Orun and Ulla-tau in sheep folk selection highlighted 3 types geohelminthes with an average level of occurrence (EI = 15-27%); 5 species with a weak indicator of EI = 6-11%. The tracts Azau, Cheget, Tau ёzen and Shaurtu at an altitude of 3000 - 3500 m.n.u. Sea, sheep worming national selection was not selected, because at these altitudes, virtu-ally no favorable abiotic conditions for their circadian rhythm.

The soils elemental composition of vertical zonality of the Western Tien Shan

The elemental composition allows to obtain information about the principles of humic acids structure, some of their properties, as well as to identify chemical changes and processes occurring in the process of humification. Studies of the elemental composition of humic acids of the main types and subtypes of soils of the vertical zoning of the Western Tien Shan show that the carbon content in them increases from grey soils to mountain brown soils. the low carbon content in the series is accompanied by a narrow C:N ratio, which indicates a smaller condensation of the aromatic carbon grid and the severity of the side chains. The atomic ratio of C:N in humic acids of soils of the Western Tien Shan is 11–25. The narrowest ratio of C:N is observed in sierozems, and the transition from them to brown this ratio expands.