Polyacrylamide Adsorption and Readsorption in Sandstone Porous Media

Summary The term polymer retention describes all mechanisms that remove the polymer from the flowing solution, with adsorption being its primary cause. This phenomenon can lead to detrimental effects during polymer enhanced oil recovery (EOR). In this paper, we present an investigation of dynamic polymer adsorption in sandstone-outcrop cores using polymer solutions. We study the effects of permeability and polymer concentration on the adsorption under two conditions: on virgin cores (adsorption) and a previously polymer-flooded core (readsorption). According to the results, two concentration plateaus and two regions of concentration-dependent adsorption characterize the polymer adsorption in a virgin porous medium, following a proposed Type IV isotherm. The transition between the first plateau and the second adsorption region occurs near to the overlapping concentration from dilute to semidilute regimes (cp*). Polymer readsorption increases slightly with the successive injection of banks with a higher polymer concentration, following a Type I (Langmuir) isotherm. For that case, we propose a readsorption mechanism on the basis of the desorption of a polymer molecule section and the adsorption of a new free polymer molecule. The adsorption and readsorption isotherms are similar until cp*, while the adsorption is much higher than readsorption for concentrations higher than cp*. Therefore, if the polymer concentration of the mobility control bank is greater than cp*, the total polymer loss during field applications can be reduced by preinjecting a polymer bank of lower concentration.

The Composite Intrusion of Sròn Bheag, Ardnamurchan

Much attention has been paid to composite dykes and sills during the present century, and accepted definitions of the term “composite” centre about that of Daly (1933), who has stated that composite dykes are formed by successive injection of chemically differing melts into the same fissure which widens to receive them.