PERFORMER’S OPINIONS ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE PERFORMING ARTS IN TURKEY

This research aims to reveal the performer perception and encounters in regards to sexual harassment in the field of performing arts in Turkey. The basis of the study is to unearth the thoughts of the performers about the sexual harassment exposures and to capture when, where and by whom the unwanted situations such as sexual harassment are experienced. The phenomenology design of qualitative research method is at the center of this study since 'sexual harassment and sexist attitude' is a phenomenon which is literally experienced. Document review and in-depth interviews were employed as data collection methods. Four researchers conducted 27 interviews, capturing more than 26 hours long recording that transcripted into 637 pages of data. After analyzing the data, it was found that the performers expressed their opinions in four different categories on sexual harassment behaviors in the theatre world. The first group stated that they did not encounter such experience; the second group generalized the issue and emphasized that the sexual harassment can happen anywhere; the third group openly stated that they have been exposed to sexual harassment themselves; the fourth group stated that in comparison to other sectors they think that the situation in the theater world is better. In addition, the performers emphasized on intricate relationships caused by hierarchy, informal networking and competitiveness prepared environements for harassment. Keywords: Performing Arts, Theatre, Sexual Harassment, Gender

Cinderella Syndrome "Women with Fear of Independence": Developing a Scale

Cinderella syndrome is a concept which is used to define woman who fear from being independent. Women with Cinderella syndrome are in the need of men’s refuge and protection. The syndrome is like a psychological dependence for women and in this dependence, situation being patient and moral is important for being rescued by a man as a reward. In the syndrome women expect a man to come and take control of their own lives so that they can live happily. The aim of the study developing a scale into Turkish culture to determine the level of Cinderella Syndrome in females. The Cinderella Syndrome Scale is a 5-point Likert Type scale which includes 25 items. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to define construct validity and three factors were determined, called “sexist attitude”, “escape from responsibility” and “quitting career”. According to EFA, three factors describe 54,69 % of the variance. Results of EFA were validated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The Cronbach’s alpha was found as .94 for the total scale.

Teachers' Interventions to In-Person Bullying and Cyberbullying Situations

This dissertation comprises five chapters, and it is an article-based format that studies teachers’ needs and characteristics regarding bullying intervention. It is divided into two phases that are explained through the different chapters. Chapter One explains the problem's overall background and provides an introduction to the three papers presented in the next chapters. Chapter Two presents the First Phase of the dissertation, which provided information about teachers’ knowledge, concerns, and practice regarding bullying. Findings demonstrate that Idaho education professionals need training and resources to help them intervene appropriately, especially with cyberbullying. Chapter Three focuses on the following potential teachers’ characteristics affecting their likelihood of intervention: Perceived seriousness of the bullying situation, empathy towards victim, and self-efficacy to influence misbehaviors. The findings regarding this last characteristic have been controversial since different studies found contrast findings regarding its significance influencing teachers’ likelihood of intervention. The current research found that the seriousness and empathy were predictors for teachers’ intervention in both in-person bullying and cyberbullying in Idaho and the Basque Country, but teachers’ self-efficacy does not predict teachers’ intervention. Chapter Four introduces a new characteristic: teachers’ sexism, which appears to be a negative component for the bullying intervention. The higher the sexist attitude, the less bullying intervention. Finally, Chapter Five summarizes the three articles presented in this dissertation and provides overall conclusions.

Woman to woman

Professional female comedians frequently face harassment from male fellow performers and from male audience members who take a sexist attitude, essentializing women as psychologically and temperamentally unsuited to the profession of comedy. This paper examines a strategy that African American female comedians employ to overcome the obstacles they face in performing before mixed gender African American audiences. While implementing features that emphasize their African American and female identity, the comedians direct their performances toward women in the audience, employing features and practices comparable to those researchers associate with close female friends in conversation. Intensive use of a strategy that includes taking stances such as confidence sharing and using gendered terms to directly address female audience members establishes solidarity with the women who are listening. Having a large portion of the audience as allies discourages the occurrence of sexist harassment.