Effect of garlic and ginger extracts on the levels of glucose and Peptide-c in diabetic mice: تأثير مستخلصي الثوم والزنجبيل في مستوى سكر الدم والببتيد c عند الفئران المستحدث عندها داء السكري

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the alcoholic extract of garlic and ginger together on the levels of glucose, peptide -c and body weight in diabetic white mice. The study included 40 male white mice, Balb/c strain, which were divided into four experimental groups (10 mice in each group). The first group was a physiological control that was injected with physiological saline (0.9%) until the end of the experiment. As for the second group, diabetes was induced with a dose of 200 mg/kg of Alloxan hydrate weight of the mouse only, while the third group developed diabetes, and then it was treated with alcoholic extract of garlic and ginger together at a dose of 500 mg/kg of mouse weight for 10 days. While the fourth group developed diabetes and was treated with Glibenclamide. At the end of the experiment, the animals were anesthetized and blood was drawn from them by cardiocentesis. The results showed the effectiveness of garlic and ginger extracts in reducing blood glucose concentration by 35.75% and returning Peptide-c levels to their normal levels, equivalent to Glibenclamide (glyburide), which is known as an oral hypoglycemic agent.

Disinfection of environmental objects against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens

The purpose of the research is developing a method for disinfection of environmental objects against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens.Materials and methods. At the VNIIP – FSC VIEV vivarium, a bioassay test was performed to experimentally infect 60 chickens aged 14 days which were divided into six equivalent groups of 10 birds each and kept isolated in cages. Chickens from the first, second and third groups were administered orally, using a micropipette, 1 ml of an Eimeria oocyst suspension treated with 4, 5 and 6% solutions of the combined eimeriocide agent. Chickens from the fourth group were administered 1 ml of Eimeria oocyst suspension treated with 4% phenol solution (base drug). Chickens from the fifth group received 1 ml of a buffered solution and were used as a noninfected control. Chickens from the sixth group received 1 ml of suspension containing 2000 oocysts/mL and were used as an infected control. The efficacy of disinfection with eimeriocide and the basic drug was determined based on the percentage of decrease in the recovery of Eimeria oocysts after being exposed to drugs as compared to chickens of the infected control. The efficacy of 5% eimeriocide against poultry coccidia oocysts in a production test was determined empirically with the set of oocysts on control sites as compared with the basic drug on a poultry farm in the Moscow Region.Results and discussion. The intense-effectiveness of 4% eimeriocide against coccidia oocysts was 99.31%, and the 5 and 6% combined agent showed 100% efficacy. The basic drug, 4% phenol showed 74.65% intense-effectiveness. The results obtained in the production test of 5% eimeriocide at a dose of 0.5 l per 1 m2 with a 2 hour-exposure indicate its high efficacy for disinfection against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens. The intense-effectiveness was 97.25% versus 59.03% efficacy of the base drug, phenol.

Epidemiology of intra-abdominal infiltrates and abscesses in patients with concomitant diseases and diabetes mellitus

The purpose ofthe work — to study the epidemiological factors in the development of primary and secondary intra-abdominal infiltrates, abscesses and fluid formations in patients with concomitant diseases and diabetes. Material and methods. In the clinic of the Department of Surgical Diseases No. 1, on the basis of the Center of Surgery of the Kiev City Clinical Hospital No. 1 from 2006 to 2019,218patients with primary and secondary intra-abdominal infiltrates, abscesses and fluid formations were treated. The patients’ age ranged from 16 to 85 years. There were 107 male patients (49.08 %), 111 female patients (50.92 %). X-ray examination was performed in 112 (51.38 %) patients, computed tomography (CT) in 25 (11.48 %),ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs for 105 (4816 %) patients. Anterior abdominal wall thermometry was performed in 76 (34.86 %) patients. Resultsand discussion. Depending on the cause of the development of intra-abdominal infiltrates, abscesses and fluid formations, the patients were divided into 4 groups. Patients of the first, second and third groups had primary intra-abdominal complications, and in the fourth group patients had secondary postoperative complications. The first group included 74 (33.94 %) patients suffering from a complicated course of destructive appendicitis. The second group included 48 (22.02 %) patients suffering from perforated gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer. The third group included 69 (31.65 %) patients suffering from cholecystitis and various types of complications. The fourth group included 27 (12.39 %) patients who underwent urgent surgery due to strangulated hernias, adhesive obstruction. The study of the scales showed that: in 87 (39.91 %) the weight was within normal limits, and in 131 (60.09 %) patients were overweight and obese. It was found that 126 (57.80 %) patients wore glasses. Diseases of the cardiovascular system and arterial pressure disorders according to the data of case histories and anamnesis had 123 (56.42 %) patients. Diabetes was diagnosed in 38 (17.43 %) patients. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system were diagnosed in 27 (12.38 %) patients, and 48 (22.02 %) patients suffered from flat feet of various stages. Primary intra-abdominal complications(infiltrates and abscesses) were diagnosed in 191 (3.48 %) patients out of 5483 urgent hospitalizations and operations, of which 74 (1.35 %) with appendicitis, 69 (1.26 %), perforated gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer in 48 (0.87 %) patients. Secondary postoperative infiltrates, abscesses and fluid formations were found in 27 (18.12 %) of 149 patients who had undergone urgent abdominal surgery (adhesive obstruction, incarcerated and postoperative hernias, etc.), and in 29 (15.18 %) of 191 patients who underwent surgery for primary intra-abdominal complications of the underlying disease and urgent surgery. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in 38 (17.4 3%) patients, and therefore all patients who are hospitalized in an urgent and planned manner must undergo a comprehensive clinical and laboratory examination with the determination of blood sugar. The presence of established diabetes mellitus requires the consultation of an endocrinologist, and during the operation it is advisable and necessary to correct glycemic and volemic disorders, which continues until the restoration of vital functions and stabilization of the general condition of the patient. Intra-abdominal complications occurred on the background of concomitant diseases: overweight in 28.44 %, visual impairment in 57.80 %, diseases of the cardiovascular system and arterial pressure disorders in 56.42 %, diseases of the musculoskeletal system in 12.38 %, which indicates the need for an individual approach in the treatment of each patient.

Realignment and Recidivism Revisited: A Closer Look at the Effects of California’s Historic Correctional Reform on Recidivism Outcomes

California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment has received considerable attention nationally as a watershed moment in the movement to downsize prisons. The present study leverages data collected in 12 California counties to provide the most comprehensive examination to date of how Realignment has impacted recidivism for the key offender groups targeted in the reform. We find small to modest increases in rearrest in three of four groups targeted in the reform. The fourth group experienced moderate decreases in rearrest. Moreover, all groups experienced decreases in reconviction, which gives credence to the idea that a significant reprioritization of who should be in prison can positively affect public safety. These findings point to the complex ways that reforms like Realignment can affect custodial and community-based supervision systems by changing incentives for law enforcement and the people who supervise offenders. Our conclusions discuss the implications for other states and systems considering similar reforms.

ONTOGENETIC FORMS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AND BEHAVIORAL TYPE A

Дебют болезни и поведенческий тип А (ПТА) являются важными характеристиками, определяющими клинические проявления хронических заболеваний. Цель работы - изучение распространенности и роли ПТА у больных ревматоидным артритом (РА) с дебютом заболевания в различные периоды онтогенеза. Обследованы 82 пациента, которые были разделены на группы в зависимости от возраста дебюта РА: в 1-ю вошли пациенты с дебютом РА в репродуктивном возрасте (18-44 года); во 2-ю - с дебютом РА в среднем возрасте (45-59 лет); в 3-ю - с дебютом РА в пожилом возрасте (60-74 года); в 4-ю - с дебютом РА в старческом возрасте (75 лет и старше). Диагностику ПТА проводили с помощью специального опросника. Группа с дебютом в репродуктивном периоде имела наибольшее число больных родственников 1-йи 2-й линии родства c РА, а также наиболее высокую частоту случаев ПТА, которая была ассоциирована с большей выраженностью таких личностных качеств, как амбициозность и враждебность. Данная группа имела наибольшее число анкилозов, а также наибольшую частоту системных поражений. 2-я группа продемонстрировала классические ревматоидные закономерности. 3-я группа с дебютом в пожилом возрасте имела наиболее благоприятную клиническую картину, в том числе наименьшую иммунную активность по уровню ЦИК, ассоциированную с наименьшей выраженностью суставного синдрома, с наименьшим числом эрозий и частотой системных проявлений. 4-я группа с дебютом в старческом возрасте продемонстрировала наиболее высокую воспалительную активность и специфическую иммунную активность по уровню ревматоидного фактора и ЦИК, а также наибольшую клиническую выраженность суставного синдрома. Таким образом, онтогенетический дебют РА определяет его клинико-лабораторные особенности, ассоциирован с наличием и характеристиками ПТА. Disease onset and type A behavioral pattern (TABP) are important characteristics of the clinical manifestations of chronic diseases. The aim of this work is to study the prevalence and role of TABP in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the onset of the disease at different periods of ontogenesis. 82 patients were examined, which were divided into groups depending on the age of RA onset. The first group included patients with RA onset at reproductive age (from 18 to 44 years). The second group included patients with the onset of RA in the middle age (from 45 to 59 years). The third group consisted of patients with the onset of RA in old age (from 60 to 74 years). The fourth group consisted of patients with the onset of RA in old age (75 years and older). Diagnosis of TABP was carried out using a special questionnaire. The group with a debut in the reproductive period had the largest number of patients with RA of the 1st and 2nd line of relationship, as well as the highest incidence of TABP, which was associated with a greater expression of such personal qualities as ambition and hostility. This group had the highest number of ankylosis, as well as the highest frequency of systemic lesions. The second group demonstrated classic rheumatoid patterns. The third group with debut in old age had the most favorable clinical picture, incl. the lowest immunological activity in terms of the circulating immune complexes (CICs) level, associated with the lowest severity of articular syndrome, with the lowest number of erosions and the frequency of systemic manifestations. The fourth group with a debut in old age demonstrated the highest inflammatory activity and specific immunological activity in terms of rheumatoid factor and CICs levels, as well as the highest clinical severity of the articular syndrome. Thus, the ontogenetic debut of RA determines its clinical and laboratory features and is associated with the presence and characteristics of TABP.

Effect of epiphyseal plate fenestration on bone growth in dogs

This study is designed to know the effect of fenestration on the epiphyseal plate as amethod to truma and know it is effect on length of long bones Eleven of local breed bitched is used in this research are put in four group depending on the site of operation , tthree dogs in each group except for the last group which included tow dogs as follows: *the first group : the operation was performed on the distal epiphyseal plate of the femur *the second group : the operation was performed on the proximal epiphyseal plate of the tibia and fibula *the thrid group : the operation was performed on the distal epiphyseal plate of the tibia and fibula *the fourth group : the operation was performed on all sites mentioned above the cases was folowed up clinically and radiographically for six months , an x-Ray film was taken every fifteen days for the first three months and monthly for the other three months, the other hind limb of the animal was used for comparison. the clinical and radiographical follow up showed that fenestration of the epiphyseal platewas succssful to induce epiphysiodesis in first, third and fourth group without complication while it failed in the second group.

PERFORMER’S OPINIONS ON SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE PERFORMING ARTS IN TURKEY

This research aims to reveal the performer perception and encounters in regards to sexual harassment in the field of performing arts in Turkey. The basis of the study is to unearth the thoughts of the performers about the sexual harassment exposures and to capture when, where and by whom the unwanted situations such as sexual harassment are experienced. The phenomenology design of qualitative research method is at the center of this study since 'sexual harassment and sexist attitude' is a phenomenon which is literally experienced. Document review and in-depth interviews were employed as data collection methods. Four researchers conducted 27 interviews, capturing more than 26 hours long recording that transcripted into 637 pages of data. After analyzing the data, it was found that the performers expressed their opinions in four different categories on sexual harassment behaviors in the theatre world. The first group stated that they did not encounter such experience; the second group generalized the issue and emphasized that the sexual harassment can happen anywhere; the third group openly stated that they have been exposed to sexual harassment themselves; the fourth group stated that in comparison to other sectors they think that the situation in the theater world is better. In addition, the performers emphasized on intricate relationships caused by hierarchy, informal networking and competitiveness prepared environements for harassment. Keywords: Performing Arts, Theatre, Sexual Harassment, Gender

Changes in the concentration of endothelin-1 and the state of blood flow in the uterine arteries of women in the third trimester of gestation with exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection in the second trimester of pregnancy

Aim. To assess the change in the concentration of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the state of uteroplacental blood flow in women in the third trimester of gestation with exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) in the second trimester of pregnancy.Materials and methods. A comprehensive examination of 120 women with pregnancies uncomplicated and complicated by exacerbation of CMVI in the second trimester of gestation was carried out. The first group consisted of 30 women with a seronegative CMVI normal pregnancy, the second group – 30 patients with a latent course of CMVI and the development of chronic compensated placental insufficiency (CCPI), the third – 30 women with exacerbation of CMVI and CCPI, and the fourth – 30 patients with exacerbation of CMVI and chronic subcompensated placental insufficiency (CSPI).Results. With the development of CCPI at 30-34 weeks of gestation in women of the second group, compared with the first, the concentration of ET-1 in blood serum increased to 1.16±0.09 fmol/L (in the control – 0.86±0.08 fmol/L, p<0,05). There was an increase in the systolic-diastolic ratio (SDR) in the right uterine artery (RUA) by 1.40 times (p=0.000001) and in the left uterine artery (LUA) by 1.46 times (p=0.000001), which illustrated the important role of endothelial activation in increasing resistance in the uterine artery basin. In the third group, in comparison with the first and second ones, an increase in the concentration of ET-1 was recorded to 1.57±0.13 fmol/L (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively), reflecting a more pronounced activation of the endothelium. In women of the third group, in comparison with the first and second groups, there was an increase in SDR in the RUA by 1.43 times (p=0.000001) and 1.01 times (p=0.046), respectively. Comparison of blood flow in the LUA in women in the third group in comparison with that in the first and second groups showed an increase in SDR by 1.47 times (p=0.000001) and 1.01 times (p=0.0462), respectively. At the same time, a strong positive correlation was recorded between the SDR in the RUA and the level of ET-1 (r=076; p<0.001), which is a marker of an endothelium-dependent increase in vascular resistance. In women of the fourth group, the level of ET-1 was 2.15±0.17 fmol/L, which is significantly higher compared with group 1 (5.08 times, p=0.000001), with the second group (4.08 times, p=0.000001) and in comparison with the third group (1.23 times, p=0.0029). SDR in RUA in the fourth group compared to the first one increased by 1.62 times (p=0.000001), and compared to the second – by 1.15 times (p=0.00002). At the same time, in patients of the fourth group in comparison with the third group, SDR in RUA increased by 1.13 times (p=0.024). In the fourth group, in contrast to the first one, there was an increase in SDR in LUA by 1.58 times (p=0.000001), and in comparison, with the second group, SDR in LUA was 1.07 times higher (p=0.00021). Patients of the fourth group, in comparison with the third one, had higher SDR indices in the LUA (1.06 times, p=0.0207). There was a stronger relationship between the SDR value in RUA and the concentration of ET-1 (r=0.86; p<0.001) and a weak correlation between SDR in LUA and ET-1 (r=0.47; p<0.01), which reflects the influence of endothelial dysfunction in response to an increase in the tone of the uterine arteries.Conclusion. The development of CSPI in the third trimester of gestation in women who underwent an exacerbation of CMVI in the second trimester of pregnancy, in contrast to CCPI with a similar infectious pathology in pregnant women, is characterized by a more pronounced increase in vascular resistance in the uterine artery basin against the background of endothelial dysfunction.

Cryotherapy Has No Significant Effect on MMP-9 anTGF-β1 Expression in Fungal Corneal Ulcer

BACKGROUND: Usually, surgical intervention is needed to eradicate the fungal microorganism that cause fungal corneal ulcers. However, since surgical intervention is invasive, the latest technology uses cryotherapy in treating it. Cryotherapy plays a vital role in the wound healing process. We aimed to evaluate is to study the decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in fungal corneal ulcers after the administration of cryotherapy.METHODS: Aspergillus flavus fungus was injected to the intrastromal corneas of all Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were divided into four groups, the first group was not given any therapy, the second group was given topical natamycin therapy, the third group was given cryotherapy, and the fourth group was given a combination between cryotherapy and topical natamycin therapy. Therapy was given after five days of follow up on the formation of a corneal ulcer. After four days of therapy, the eyes were enucleated to determine MMP-9 and TGF-β1 expression.RESULTS: The result in the third group showed lower MMP-9 expression (20.0±10.0% cells per field of view) compared to the second group (40.0±20.0% cells per field of view) and the fourth group (30.0±25.0% cells per field of view), but had the same MMP-9 expression value as the first group. There was no significant difference in MMP-9 expression between the four groups (p=0.356). The third group reduced more TGF-β1 expression (10.0±12.50% cells per field of view) compared to the fourth group (30±27.5% cells per field of view) and the first group (30±32.5% cells per field of view). There was also no significant difference in TGF-β1 between the four groups (p=0.315).CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in the expression of TGF-β1 and MMP-9 after the cryotherapy treatment.KEYWORDS: corneal ulcer, cryotherapy, MMP-9, TGF-β1