The fourth chapter looks at the case of Scotland. The surge of secessionism within Scottish nationalism is puzzling considering that demands for Scottish territorial autonomy were met in the late 1990s with devolution. Yet, a mere 15 years later, 45 per cent of Scots supported independence in a referendum. Scottish autonomy was conceived as mostly static during key periods of political development. Devolution in the United Kingdom was a settlement, a new political and constitutional order, not originally meant to be adapted or enhanced. Yet, devolution created a series of changes to Scottish politics that immediately put pressure on the new status quo. Although the Commission on Scottish Devolution was established in late 2007, it did not include the SNP, which was then forming the Scottish government, and, with British general elections on the horizon, its impact on Scottish autonomy was uncertain. By the time the Commission’s recommendations would start being implemented in 2012, the SNP had already formed a majority government committed to holding an independence referendum. When this government was considering a multi-option referendum question comprising an option for more powers to Scotland as well as independence, the British government refused: devolution was, at that time, a take-it-or-leave-it proposition. In other words, short of independence, Scottish autonomy would remain as it was; the British government was then offering static autonomy.