Qualidade da Água e Fluxo de Fósforo e Nitrogênio do Rio Paraíba do Meio (AL), durante o Ano Hidrológico de 2013.

A qualidade da água é considerada um importante elemento no debate científico contemporâneo acerca da relação entre a sociedade e os recursos hídricos. A água possui uma relevância social, econômica, ambiental e, sobretudo vital, pois está relacionada intimamente a manutenção da vida no Planeta Terra. Contudo, mesmo diante dessa realidade, a degradação dos recursos hídricos é significativa. Desse modo, o presente artigo tem como objetivo estudar como a população alagoana tem contribuído para o processo de degradação ambiental do Rio Paraíba do Meio e, tal análise toma como base, para caracterização dos impactos ambientais, a concentração e fluxo da carga de nitrogênio e fósforo, dois importantes parâmetros químicos intimamente relacionados à qualidade da água. Este estudo tem relevância não apenas científica, mas, sobretudo, social, pois há uma carência desta tipologia de análise referente a bacia hidrográfica do rio em questão. Desse modo, a referida pesquisa vem a preencher uma lacuna em pesquisas sobre o Rio Paraíba do Meio. Foram realizadas coletas de amostras mensalmente durante o ano de 2013 e posteriormente feitas os procedimentos de análise de laboratório Os nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos (Amônia, Nitrito, Nitrato e Fosfato) e o Fósforo Total foram determinados segundo Carmouze (1994). O método de Strickland e Parsons (1972) foi utilizado para o cálculo das concentrações de nutrientes inorgânicos dissolvidos. Foi identificada alterações nos valores da concentração dos parâmetros químicos, estando os mesmos fora do padrão estabelecido pelo CONAMA. O processo de urbanização desordenado acabou por influenciar em tais alterações na qualidade da água. Water Quality and Phosphorus and Nitrogen Flow in the Paraíba do Meio River (AL), during the Hydrological Year of 2013 ABSTRACT Water quality is considered an important element in the contemporaneous scientific debate about the relation between society and hydric resources. Water has a social, economic, environmental, and overall vital relevance, for it’s intimately related to the maintenance of life on planet Earth. Nevertheless, even before this reality, the degradation of hydric resources is significative. Thereby, the following article of studying the degradation process of the Paraiba Meio River, in its portion in Alagoas (62% of the total), having as base, for the characterization of the environmental impacts, the concentration and flow rate of Nitrogen and Phosphorous. Thus the aforementioned research comes to fill a gap in research on the Paraiba Meio River. During 2013, samples were collected on a monthly basis, having its sampling region be the highway bridge (BR-316) in the city of Atalaia in Alagoas, with the decimal coordinates being: 9,596568; -36,007742. The previously mentioned hydrological year was characterized with a flow rate of 10,97 m3/s and an average annual precipitation of 62,5 mm. The average annual phosphorous flow of 2013 was 3715,713612 Kg, and the annual charge being 44588,56335 Kg. Alterations on the phosphorous concentration values have been identified, the same being outside of the pattern established by CONAMA, with a variation of 0,050 mg/L P and 0,250 mg/L P. The unorganized urbanization process influenced the alterations on the water quality, therefore Adequate Sanitation, for example, of the 16 cities belonging to the basin, only 50% of the sanitation, made on the areas that needed such constructions, in its total. In this perspective, when determined municipalities and their demographic density data are taken into consideration, to know: Palmeira dos Índios (AL): 155,44 hab./km², Cajueiro (AL): 164,24 hab./km² and Pilar (AL): 133,37 hab./km², with only 13,6%, 9,2% e 26,3% of sanitation, respectively, the conclusion is that the population contingency influences the significant existence of domestic effluences.Keywords: Human action, degradation, water resources.

Alih Fungsi Lahan dan Curah Hujan terhadap Perubahan Hidrologi Sub Das Samin

<p>Samin sub-watershed is located in the district of Karanganyar and Sukoharjo regency. Every year an increasing number of people in Samin sub-watershed can inflict problems such as the seizure of land use and the amount of available water resources. This study purpose to analyzed the influence of land conversion and rainfall to hydrology conditions Samin sub-watershed in 2005-2015. This research used descriptive exploration method. The study population was the whole unit of land use in the Samin sub-watershed. Data collection techniques used collection of secondary data from BPS Karanganyar-Sukoharjo regency and watering hall. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis of land use and rainfall on hydrology conditions Samin sub-watershed. The results showed that the wetland and forest land decreased by an average of 44,76 ha-1year and 102,5 ha-1year. Residential land, fields and plantations increased by an average of 26,8ha-1year, 54,07ha-1year and 26,82ha-1year. In period 2005-2010 and 2011-2015, Samin sub-watershed has declined average on annual charge (-3.117,42 m3/second), value of coefficient run-off (-0,11), sedimentation (-0,01 mm) and increase average on value of coefficient of river regime (+91,02) and CVcharge (+0,35). Results of statistical analysis of correlation showed that, decline in wetland, forest and increased fields affect the increase coefficient of river regime. Decreased forest land also increased of fields land and plantations affect the increase of Coefficients of Variants (CVcharge). Decreased forest land affects decreased run-off coefficient, sedimentation and annual discharge.</p>

Realizing Reliable Lithium-Ion Batteries for Critical Remote-Located Offshore Systems

On-demand reliability is the key requirement for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used for powering time-critical remote-located offshore systems. Based on the reported lithium-ion (li-ion) cell failure model, failure rate and on-demand reliability of a li-ion cell are computed for a range of charge-discharge cycles and maintenance intervals. The results are extended to compute the on-demand reliability of LIB of industry-standard voltage ratings. Results indicate that, with present technical maturity, an LIB with 24V output, 500 annual charge-discharge cycles, and with 6 months of maintenance intervals requires three and six parallel groupings for achieving IEC 61508 Safety Integrity Level 4 under low- and high-demand scenarios, respectively. The results presented could be directly extended to determine the on-demand reliability for LIBs with higher capacities.

A Pension Fund Problem; with some remarks on the deduction of Salary-scales

MR. T. G. ACKLAND, in the course of the discussion upon Mr. Manly's paper “On the Valuation of Staff Pension Funds”, presented the following problem for solution by the members of the Institute—” In the case of a superannuation fund, established—“ in connection with a municipality or corporation, to which the “employees contribute at a fixed rate, what will be the probable “annual charge upon the rates of the City during the next ten “years, during the following ten years, and so on for fifty years, “supposing that the present staff of the Corporation is adequate “in number for the needs of the Corporation, and that new “entrants come in only in replacement of those who die, “withdraw, or retire” ? (J.I.A., xxxvi, p . 283).It is sometimes the case that a commercial undertaking merely guarantees the stability of its staff pension fund, without making an adequate annual contribution from which to build up the reserve necessary to meet the actuarial liability, or, more usually, it is the practice of a corporation to meet the current claims under its pension scheme out of the current income from its employees' contributions and to use any excess of income in relief of the rates, and to charge any deficiency, when arising, upon the rates. In such cases the ordinary actuarial valuation is of little practical use, but the main question is that put by Mr. Ackland—“ What will be the charge upon the employer, or the rates, at a given date, or over a given period”?

On the Value in Practice of a Life Interest, allowing for Income Tax

When an investor buys a life interest, or an annual charge upon a life interest, the income does not reach him until tax has been deducted from the whole amount, and yet the purchaser has to pay away a material portion of the income in life assurance premiums, on which he is unable to recover the tax.