BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO NORMAL E SEQUENCIAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE PEREIRA BARRETO - SP COMO AUXILIO PARA O PLANEJAMENTO DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA

BALANÇO HÍDRICO CLIMATOLÓGICO NORMAL E SEQUENCIAL DO MUNICÍPIO DE PEREIRA BARRETO - SP COMO AUXILIO PARA O PLANEJAMENTO DA AGRICULTURA IRRIGADA PEDRO ALCANTARA DA SILVA ABREU1 E FERNANDO BRAZ TANGERINO HERNANDEZ2 1 Doutorando em Agronomia: Irrigação e Drenagem, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Universitária, n° 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail; [email protected]. 2 Professor Titular, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Engenharia Rural e Solos - DEFERS, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Brasil Sul, n° 56, Centro, 15385-000, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] 1 RESUMO Este trabalho teve como objetivo gerar um balanço hídrico climatológico (BHC) normal e sequencial para o município de Pereira Barreto, SP para identificar os períodos do ano com excedente e déficit de água no solo. Foram realizados dois BHCs para o município, determinados a partir do método de Thorthwaite e Mather (1955), com base nos dados das estações agrometereologicas automáticas Bonança e Santa Adélia, pertencentes à Rede Agrometeorológica do Noroeste Paulista, operada pela Unesp de Ilha Solteira. A precipitação média anual é de 1.214 mm e a evapotranspiração de 1.340 mm para a Estação Bonança, enquanto para a Santa Adélia, a precipitação média anual é de 1.204 mm e evapotranspiração de 1.574 mm. Com a Capacidade de Água Disponível (CAD) de 40 mm, os BHCs constataram sete meses de déficit hídrico no solo, entre março e outubro na Estação Bonança, localizada às margens do rio Tietê e de abril a novembro na Estação Santa Adélia, localizada na porção noroeste do município. O excesso de água no solo na Estação Bonança aconteceu entre os meses de novembro e fevereiro e na Santa Adélia entre janeiro e março. O BHC mostrou ser grande o risco de frustação de safra com culturas anuais no município sem a utilização de irrigação. Palavras-chave: evapotranspiração, déficit hídrico, irrigação, agrometeorologia, Noroeste Paulista. ABREU, P. A. S.; HERNANDEZ, F. B. T. NORMAL AND SEQUENTIAL CLIMATOLOGICAL WATER BALANCE IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PEREIRA BARRETO - SP AS AID FOR THE PLANNING OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE 2 ABSTRACT This work aimed to generate a normal and sequential climatological water balance (BHC) for the municipality of Pereira Barreto, SP to identify the periods of the year with surplus and deficit of water in the soil. Two BHCs were carried out for the municipality determined by the method of Thorthwaite and Mather (1955), based on data from the automatic agro-meteorological stations Bonança and Santa Adélia, belonging to the Northwest Agro-meteorological Network of the Northwest, operated by Unesp of Ilha Solteira. The average annual precipitation is 1214 mm and the evapotranspiration is 1340 mm for the Bonança Station, while for the Santa Adélia Station, the average annual precipitation is 1204 mm and evapotranspiration is 1574 mm. With the available Water Storage (CAD) of 40 mm, the BHCs found seven months of water deficit in the soil, between March and October in the Bonança Station, located on the banks of the Tietê River and from April to November in the Santa Adélia Station, located in the northwest portion of the municipality. Excess water in the soil in the Bonança Station occurred between the months of November and February and in the Santa Adélia Station, between January and March. BHC showed a high risk of crop failure with annual crops in the municipality without the use of irrigation. Keywords: evapotranspiration, water deficit, irrigation, agrometeorology, Northwest Paulista.

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRECIPITATIONS ON THE RUN OF THE PUTIL RIVER

Research of precipitation, water balance of river basins, and the impact of precipitation on river runoff remain relevant in the context of global and regional climate change. Nowadays, many scientific research all over the world are devoted to the research of the problem of river runoff change under the influence of climatic factors. This kind of research has been developing strongly in Ukraine in recent decades. In particular, they concern the rivers of the Ukrainian Carpathians. The basin of the river Putyla to the line of the village of Putyla has an area of 181 km2. It is located in the south-eastern part of the Carpathian and characterized by a significant influence of warm rains on the formation of water runoff. The average annual runoff is characterized by rather complex patterns of change both in time and space. There are periodic, cyclical and unidirectional changes that occur under the influence of a complex system of factors. Climate is a major factor of the water change. Thus, the research of the average runoff of the Putila River has different aspects.To determine the effect of precipitation on river runoff, the method of comparing difference-integral curves of annual runoff and precipitation, as well as water-balance methods are used. Long-term changes and intra-annual distribution of precipitation, in particular rainfall, according to the observations of the meteorological station Selyatyn were analyzed. We constructed a differential integrated curve of modular coefficients of the average annual precipitation in the Putil district. It clearly reflects the cyclical changes in precipitation. Long-term changes and intra-annual distribution of water runoff in the Putyla River also were analyzed. During the observation period, periods of long-term fluctuations of the average annual precipitation were revealed. The average annual rainfall is 842.9 mm. The annual course is stable, ie the greatest amount of precipitation falls in the summer, when there are intense thunderstorms and showers, the least – in winter. Based on the data of hydrological observations, the average long-term value of water consumption according to GP Putila is 2.47 m3/s. We calculated the coefficient of variability (variation). The coefficient of variation for average costs is 0.21 (21%), and for precipitation – 0.7 (7%). The connection between precipitation and runoff was established. We have built a comprehensive schedule of annual distribution of precipitation and costs of the Putyla River for 2010. You can see that in the spring due to snowmelt there is an influx of water and there is a spring flood. It is known that 2010 in Putilsky district was full of water. The reduction of water consumption in the Putyla River in the cold period of the year with a decrease in precipitation is also observed. Graph of the dependence of the runoff of the Putyla River on precipitation in the village of Selyatyn showed a fairly clear relationship between the variable values of runoff and precipitation (the coefficient of variation is 0,66). The feeding structure of the Putyla River is mixed. The main share is occupied by rain, less - snow and groundwater. Key words: climate change, precipitation, runoff, rivers, long-term changes in runoff, intra-annual distribution of precipitation and runoff, Putyla river.

Pollen-based paleoclimate reconstructions of Beloslav Lake (Northeastern Bulgaria) during the last 6000 years using modern analog technique (MAT)

The aim of the present study is to reconstruct the palaeoclimate variables in the Beloslav Lake Region (Northeastern Bulgaria) during the last 6000 years, based on the pollen analysis from lacustrine core Bel-1 and using modern analog technique (MAT). Pollen data was used for reconstructions of four parameters: average annual temperature, average temperature of the warm and cold half-year and average annual precipitation.

DNA Viral Diversity, Abundance, and Functional Potential Vary across Grassland Soils with a Range of Historical Moisture Regimes

Soil viruses are abundant, but the influence of the environment and climate on soil viruses remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed this gap by comparing the diversity, abundance, lifestyle, and metabolic potential of DNA viruses in three grassland soils with historical differences in average annual precipitation, low in eastern Washington (WA), high in Iowa (IA), and intermediate in Kansas (KS).

Statistical model for evaluation of the impact of climatic conditions on the crops production: the regional aspects

The work examines the statistical model for evaluation of the impact of climatic conditions on the crops production in Ukraine. The conducted content analysis of academic literary sources enables to arrive at conclusion that the majority of Ukrainian scholars consider changes in climatic zones of Ukraine a positive trend for crops production. It must be emphasized, nonetheless, that the increase in natural heat provision for crops production against the backdrop of a significant reduction in average annual precipitation considerably diminishes the sizes of cultivated and harvested areas, gross yield and overall crop yield of basic crops and perennial plantings. To perform calculations on key statistical indicators of crops production the following tools have been employed: methods of analysis of absolute, relative and average values; methods of elaboration and study of groupings; methods of analysis of the structure of statistical populations; methods of cross-impact analysis of indicators; methods of trend studies. The analysis concerned the dynamics of change in statistical indicators of crops production in Kherson oblast over the period of 1990–2019: gross yield of cereal and leguminous crops; total harvesting area of cereal and leguminous crops; wheat yields; cereal and leguminous crops production per capita. Periods of diverse degrees of occurrence of atmospheric precipitation in Kherson oblast according to the level of liquid saturation have been grouped: dry, medium, humid. It has been proved that winter wheat yields are affected by the following factors: size of the cultivation area and average annual precipitation. It is established that the digitalization of the agriculture contributes to the decrease in pressure on land and water resources, provision of conditions for “clean”, sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural products, increase in gross yield of crops, provision of conditions for efficient use of resources, capability of Big Data processing. Prospects for further research lie in elaboration of a multi-factor non-linear modeling of winter wheat yield with account for the factors of humus and soil pH; average annual atmospheric temperature, etc.

Comparative Analysis or Precipitation Variation Characteristics between Subtropical Monsoon Climate and Temperate Monsoon Climate-Take Changsha and Chengde for Example

Using the methods of literature review, regression analysis and moving average, this paper selects the daily precipitation of Changsha and Chengde from 1951 to 1986 as samples, and analyzes the average precipitation, precipitation frequency, precipitation intensity, extreme precipitation time and other indicators of Changsha and Chengde from the perspective of interannual and seasonal changes Trends. The researches show that: the average precipitation of Changsha in the 36 years is 1151.2mm, spring is the wet season, autumn and winter are the dry seasons, and the maximum average precipitation is in spring; the average annual precipitation, precipitation frequency in spring, summer and winter, annual precipitation frequency, annual precipitation intensity and extreme precipitation events show a decreasing trend. The average annual precipitation of Chengde city is 454.1 mm, wet season in summer and dry season in spring, autumn and winter; the average annual precipitation, precipitation in four seasons, annual precipitation frequency, precipitation frequency in spring, autumn and winter, annual precipitation intensity and extreme precipitation events show a decreasing trend, while the precipitation frequency in summer shows an increasing trend. The study of regional climate change based on the time series data of this stage is of great significance to comprehensively understand the law of regional climate change and predict the future trend of climate change.

Snowmelt and Snow Sublimation in the Indus Basin

The Indus basin is considered as the one with the highest dependence on snowmelt runoff in High Mountain Asia. The recent High Mountain Asia snow reanalysis enables us to go beyond previous studies by evaluating both snowmelt and snow sublimation at the basin scale. Over 2000–2016, basin-average snowmelt was 101 ± 11 Gt.a−1 (121 ± 13 mm.a−1), which represents about 25–30% of basin-average annual precipitation. Snow sublimation accounts for 11% of the mean annual snow ablation, but with a large spatial variability across the basin.

Fuzzy cognitive maps to explore the repercussions of less precipitation on the water supply service of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

Currently the drinking water supply service system of the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City (ZMCM) faces serious problems in its operation, which generate highly negative impacts on the environmental, social and provider sectors of this system. Given the presence of climate change, we consider the possible scenario in which a decrease in average annual precipitation is generated in the area. To evaluate its impact on each of the sectors, the fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) associated with each of them was constructed. This framework allowed the study of a system that, in addition to being highly complex, the available information presented large ranges of uncertainty. Based on the resuls obtained, we present a mitigation measure for each sector, in order to provide efficient actions to decisions makers.

Anomalies of precipitation and drought in objectively derived climate regions of Iran

By regionalizing precipitation in 113 synoptic stations in Iran, the characteristics of precipitations and the occurrence of droughts in each region were investigated over a period of 30 years, 1988–2017. Elevation, latitude and distance from moisture source have caused strong East–West and South–North gradients of precipitation across the territory of Iran so that the average annual precipitation increases from 55 mm in the eastern and central regions to 1,730 mm in the south-west coast of the Caspian Sea. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified six precipitation regions in Iran, including the arid, semi-arid, moderate, semi-humid, humid, and high humid regions. An investigation of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) showed that the trend in about 19 per cent of stations was significantly decreasing. It was non-significantly decreasing in 65 per cent, significantly increasing in less than 1 per cent, and non-significantly increasing in 15 per cent of the stations. While the occurrence of drought has increased in most parts of Iran, it has decreased in some stations only in the northern strip of the country. The line slope in more than 84 per cent of the stations represent negative values in SPI, which confirms an increase in the occurrence of droughts in Iran.

Spatial and temporal analysis of Iran precipitation

In this study, spatial and temporal analysis of precipitation in Iran in 2019 and 2020 has been studied. The average annual precipitation in 2019 is about 345 mm and in 2020 285 mm. In 2019, the maximum precipitation was in the western and northwestern regions, and the minimum precipitation was in the central and eastern regions. In 2020, the maximum precipitation was in the northwestern areas and the minimum precipitation was in the central, eastern and southwestern areas. Northwestern regions of Iran have a positive precipitation difference, i.e. in 2020 it had more precipitation. The southern and western regions have a negative difference, i.e. in 2020, there was less rain.