A Comprehensive Comparison of Label Setting Algorithm and Dynamic Programming Algorithm in Solving Shortest Path Problems

In this paper, Label Setting Algorithm and Dynamic Programming Algorithm had been critically examined in determining the shortest path from one source to a destination. Shortest path problems are for finding a path with minimum cost from one or more origin (s) to one or more destination(s) through a connected network. A network of ten (10) cities (nodes) was employed as a numerical example to compare the performance of the two algorithms. Both algorithms arrived at the optimal distance of 11 km, which corresponds to the paths 1→4→5→8→10 ,1→3→5→8→10 , 1→2→6→9→10  and  1→4→6→9→10 . Thus, the problem has multiple shortest paths. The computational results evince the outperformance of Dynamic Programming Algorithm, in terms of time efficiency, over the Label Setting Algorithm. Therefore, to save time, it is recommended to apply Dynamic Programming Algorithm to shortest paths and other applicable problems over the Label-Setting Algorithm.

Video Summarization via Label Distributions Dual-Reward

Reinforcement learning maps from perceived state representation to actions, which is adopted to solve the video summarization problem. The reward is crucial for deal with the video summarization task via reinforcement learning, since the reward signal defines the goal of video summarization. However, existing reward mechanism in reinforcement learning cannot handle the ambiguity which appears frequently in video summarization, i.e., the diverse consciousness by different people on the same video. To solve this problem, in this paper label distributions are mapped from the CNN and LSTM-based state representation to capture the subjectiveness of video summaries. The dual-reward is designed by measuring the similarity between user score distributions and the generated label distributions. Not only the average score but also the the variance of the subjective opinions are considered in summary generation. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets show that our proposed method outperforms other approaches under various settings.

Redescription of the holotype of Finlaya lepchana Barraud, 1923 (Diptera: Culicidae: Aedini)

Barraud (1923a) provided the original description of Finlaya lepchana and based it on the holotype male and two other males from India, Tindharia, Darjeeling Hills, which were reared from larvae collected from bamboo stumps in October 1922. The description is brief and lacks many morphological details. Therefore, the holotype male, deposited in the Natural History Museum (NHM), London, United Kingdom, is redescribed below. The specimen is mounted on a minuten pin extending more or less vertically through the thorax between the mesal margins of the upper proepisterna and exiting the scutum anterior to the prescutellar area. The lower part of the minuten pin is inserted in a rectangular, yellow, plastic stage which is attached near its margin to an insect pin. Four labels are attached to the insect pin and include the following information: Finlaya lepchana Barr., % TYPE (handwritten in black ink except TYPE is typed on a red, paper, triangular label); terminalia ON SLIDE (hand printed in black ink on a white, paper, rectangular label); India: Tindaria, Darjiling Hills, IX.1922, bamboos, Capt. P.J. Barraud, B.M. 1923-207 (partially handwritten and remainder typed in black ink on a white, paper, rectangular label); HOLO- TYPE (printed in black ink on a small, circular, white, paper label with red border). The male genitalia, previously mounted on a microscope slide, have two labels as follow: AЁDES (FINLAYA) LEPCHANA Barr., INDIA, TINDHARIA, DARJEELING Dist., x.1922, from Bamboos, Coll. P. J. BARRAUD, B.M. 1923-207 (hand printed in black ink on a rectangular, brown paper label attached to the left side of the slide); HOLO- TYPE (label printed on a small, circular, white paper label with red border attached to the left side of the slide). The genitalia are mounted beneath a square cover slip and five psocids are embedded in the mounting medium on the margin of the cover slip. The spelling of “Tindaria” and “Darjiling” on the adult label differs from that reported by Barraud (1923a).

Sharing Teaching Ideas: The Incredible Shrinking Can: Mathematics of Diminishing Returns Revealed and Gening Your Money's Worth in Business Mathematics

I like to drink vegetable juice with my lunch. Small cans of this juice are sold in our school cafeteria. Several weeks ago, I noticed a change-the former steel container had been replaced by a streamlined aluminum can and the previous paper label had been eliminated by painting the producetJs message on the cylinder's sw-face. This new can is very attractive. However, when I picked it up, I noticed several disturbing and noncosmetic differences: the top of the can was deeply recessed into the body and a false bottom had been added.