Comparison of Quantitative Detection Methods Based on Molecular Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Chromatographic Techniques Used for the Determination of Bisphenol Compounds

Analytical methods using the fluorescence properties of bisphenols (BPA, BPF and BPS) and their complexes with β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were developed. The methods were applied for the analysis of thermal paper and canned food. Their performance was compared with a standard HPLC approach with a diode array and fluorescence detections. For comparison purposes, basic validation parameters (linear range, limit of detection, sensitivity, precision) were evaluated. It was concluded the developed methods facilitate fast and cost-effective determination of three bisphenol species in liquid samples, similar to the HPLC performance. They are also environmentally friendly. BPA, BPF and BPS can be routinely determined with the presented approach.

Leaching of BPA from Baby Feeding Bottle, Aluminium Can and Thermal Printed Paper: Application of Acridine Orange Oxidation Inhibition Method to Estimate BPA

The potential of leaching Bisphenol-A (BPA) from plastic baby feeding bottles, aluminum cans, and thermal printed receipts was investigated under the aquatic condition at high temperatures. BPA is often used to manufacture cross-linked epoxy resin to coat food cans to prevent direct contact with metals and plastic materials. BPA leached from consumer product was analyzed using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer based on the inhibitory effect of BPA on acridine orange oxidation, as a function of change in temperature and time of contact of water with the samples. The proposed method of BPA estimation method was found to be significant and useful for aquatic conditions without any extraction and/or derivatization. The detection limit of BPA under the current experimental setup was 0.1 ng/ml. The results of BPA leached from baby feeding PET bottles, aluminum can with epoxy resin lining, and thermal paper were 87±10 ng/bottles, 68±5 ng/bottle, and 110±15 ng/receipt under the current experimental conditions.

Development of a Lateral Flow Immunoassay (LFIA) to Screen for the Release of the Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A from Polymer Materials and Products

One of the most important chemicals used in the production of polymer plastics and coatings is bisphenol A. However, despite the large number of studies on the toxicity and hormonal activity of BPA, there are still open questions and thus considerable media attention regarding BPA toxicity. Hence, it is necessary to develop a sensitive, simple, cost-efficient, specific, portable, and rapid method for monitoring bisphenol A and for high sample throughput and on-site screening analysis. Lateral flow immunoassays have potential as rapid tests for on-site screening. To meet sensitivity criteria, they must be carefully optimized. A latex microparticle-based LFIA for detection of BPA was developed. The sensitivity of the assay was improved by non-contact printing of spot grids as the control and test lines with careful parameter optimization. Results of the test could be visually evaluated within 10 min with a visual cut-off of 10 µg/L (vLOD). Alternatively, photographs were taken, and image analysis performed to set up a calibration, which allowed for a calculated limit of detection (cLOD) of 0.14 µg/L. The method was validated for thermal paper samples against ELISA and LC–MS/MS as reference methods, showing good agreement with both methods.

BPA in Baby Feeding PET Bottle, Aluminium Can and Thermal Printed Paper: Application of Acridine Orange Oxidation Inhibition Method to Estimate BPA

The leaching of Bisphenol-A (BPA) from plastic baby feeding bottles, aluminium cans and thermal printed receipts was investigated under aquatic condition at high temperature. Leached BPA was analysed using UV-Visible Spectrophotometer based on inhibitory effect of BPA on acridine orange oxidation, as a function of change in temperature and time of contact of water with the samples. Proposed method of BPA estimation method does not require any extraction and/or derivatization. The detection limit of BPA under current experimental setup was 0.1 ng/ml. The results of BPA leached from baby feeding PET bottles, aluminium can with epoxy resin lining and thermal paper were 87 ± 10 ng/bottles, 68 ± 5 ng/bottle and 110 ± 15 ng/receipt under the current experimental conditions.

Skin Absorption of Bisphenol A and Its Alternatives in Thermal Paper

Objectives Bisphenol A (BPA) is the most used colour developer in thermal paper for cashiers receipts, labels, and tickets. BPA can migrate onto the skin and be absorbed when handling these papers. BPA is a known endocrine disruptor and is therefore being replaced in thermal paper by some alternatives such as Bisphenol S (BPS), D-8, and Pergafast 201® (PF201). To our knowledge, no studies have characterized skin permeation of these BPA alternatives. Methods We measured/characterized skin absorption for BPA, BPS, D-8, and PF201 through ex vivo human skin using flow-through diffusion cells according to OECD guideline 428. Skin samples were 7–12 per test substance from three different skin donors. Skin metabolism was studied for BPA. Dermal absorption was expressed as the amount of the BPA alternatives in the receptor fluid over applied dose in percent (%). Results The absorbed dose after 24 h of exposure was 25% for BPA, 17% for D-8, 0.4% for BPS, and <LLOQ for PF201. The amount of BPA-glucuronide in the receptor fluid after 24 h was under the limit of quantification (LLOQ = 0.2 µg l−1). Despite the 10-fold lower concentration of the aq solution applied on the skin, D-8’s permeation rate JMAX was 5-fold higher than the one for BPS (0.032 versus 0.006 µg cm−2 h−1). Neither D-8 nor BPS permeated readily through the skin (tlag = 3.9 h for D-8, 6.4 h for BPS). None of PF201’s skin permeation kinetic parameters could be determined because this BPA analogue was not quantifiable in the receptor fluid in our test conditions. Conclusions Skin absorption was in decreasing order: BPA > D-8 >> BPS > PF201. These results are in agreement with their log Kow and molecular weights. We provided here the necessary data to estimate the extent of skin absorption of BPA analogues, which is a necessary step in risk assessment, and ultimately evaluate public health risks posed by D-8, BPS, and PF201.

The use of hollow sphere pigments as strength additives in paper and paperboard coatings—Part 1: The predictive nature of packing models on coating properties

Hollow sphere pigments (HSPs) are widely used at low levels in coated paper to increase coating bulk and to provide gloss to the final sheet. However, HSPs also provide an ideal system through which one can examine the effect of pigment size and particle packing within a coating due to their unimodal and tunable particle sizes. The work presented in Part 1 and Part 2 of this study will discuss the use of blends of traditional inorganic pigments and HSPs in coating formulations across a variety of applications for improved coating strength. Part 1 of this study focuses on the theory of bimodal spherical packing and demonstrates the predictive nature of packing models on the properties of coating systems containing HSPs of two different sizes. This study also examines conditions where the model fails by examining the effect of particle size on coating strength in sytems like thermal paper basecoats where the non-HSP component has a broad particle size distribution, and how these surprising trends can be used to generate better-than-expected thermal printing performance in systems with low HSP/clay ratios. Part 2 of this study focuses on the incorporation of HSPs of different particle sizes into paperboard formulations to affect coating strength and opacity.