Inspiring Dissent: Yugoslavia and the Italian Communist Party during 1956

This paper analyzes the relations between the communist parties of Yugoslavia and Italy during 1956, one of the most important years of the history of communism. The dissenting nature of those relations, which were based on the mutual wish to limit the Soviet hegemony within the global communist movement, is in the focus of this analysis. Finally, this paper aims to demonstrate how the roots of the close friendship between the two parties during the sixties and seventies can be traced back to 1956, and how the Yugoslav communists influenced or tried to influence their Italian counterparts.

Politične razmere na Slovenskem leta 1920

The article presents a thorough analysis of the dynamic political situation on Slovene ground in 1920, which was created by protest marches connected to the question of Slovene borders, women's right to vote, the establishment of the communist Workers' Socialist Party of Slovenia and the assembly of the catholic Slovene People's Party (SLS) in Ljubljana. The reality of the communist movement was shown by the railway and general strike in the second half of April 1920, which culminated on April 24, with tragic blood spill on Zaloška cesta in Ljubljana. Politically, the communists were the third strongest actor in the state and for the purpose of their elimination, the Belgrade government passed the so-called Obznana law on December 29, 1920, and forbid their activities. The changing political situation could also be seen at the already limited management of Slovenia. There were several changes of the Land Government for Slovenia, which were connected to the changes of the central government in Belgrade. The year 1920 was a turning point in many ways. It predicted troubled political years ahead and the prediction was right.

An Analysis of the Poem “Prison” by Krishna Sen ‘Ichchhuk’ Translated by Govinda Raj Bhattarai

Poetry is a form of art; to express emotions and feelings by the use of distinctive style, meaning, sound and rhythm. The poem presents the rebellious nature of the revolutionists to defeat the arbitrary through literature and is much privileged towards independence. The poet imagines such an awful condition that happens in the insurgency period and he is not able to equivalent the freedom of choice and action. Oligarchy creates fascism, besides it, the poet has used the literary term, ‘my friend’ in each stanza to denote all victimized citizens and inmates who are anguished from despotism. To uplift from authoritarianism regime and to live with full sovereignty the communist movement had played an appreciable role in the context of Nepal. The literary genre which is characterized by literature and cultural form of early modern England that is written while the author is confined in a location against his wills, such as a prison, jail, or house arrest is known as prison literature. Thus, the message or underlying meaning of the poem is such that the poet alerts the emperor and leaders to adopt a democratic model.

The World Communist Movement

The death of Stalin also led to a loosening of controls within the world communist movement. Strict subordination to Stalin gave way to a pluralistic relationship within the movement, whereby Moscow, while still the leader, allowed for an interplay of interests and greater consensus building among the communist parties to become the norm. This resulted —sooner in some places, later in others—in a variety of postures toward the world communist movement as led by Moscow: attempted withdrawal from the movement, straddling of several camps in world affairs, loose bloc discipline, schism, and abandonment of anti-imperialist struggle in favor of pragmatic foreign policies that sought to advance the national-security and economic interests of the communist state.

The Collapse of the World Communist Movement and the Rise of Détente

At the peak of the Cultural Revolution, China’s army initiated confrontations and battles with Soviet troops along their contested border. Schism within the world communist movement now amounted to warfare among established communist states. Under these conditions, US-Soviet détente and the opening to China by the Nixon administration were made possible by skilled diplomacy and the fact that both the USSR and the People’s Republic of China came to view themselves each as closer to the United States in defending their national interests than they were to each other. Pragmatism prevailed over proletarian internationalism.

World War II and the Creation of Asian Communist States

Mao’s formula for coming to power differed from the Bolshevik pathway. It entailed a peasant-based guerrilla war that helped to defeat Japanese occupation and that went on to defeat the Nationalist forces, led by Chiang Kai-shek, in conventional warfare after World War II was over. There were many differences between the Maoist and Soviet models of revolution, but there were also many similarities in the willingness to attempt a “socialist” revolution in a peasant society, in the glorification of revolutionary violence, in the determination to ensure that the communist party monopolizes power and politics after winning the civil war, in the determination to build socialism thereafter, and in the commitment to anti-imperialist struggle within a world communist movement led by Moscow.