Danske seniorers (65+) motiver og barrierer for fysisk aktivitet

The proportion of older adults is increasing in Denmark. At the same time physical activity is becoming an increasingly popular arena to prevent illness, promote health and increase life quality. This case study examined older adults’ (65-75 y) motives and barriers for participation in organised physical activity. Using a single embedded case study, we collected data through semi structured interviews and observation. The theoretical framework is Ryan & Deci’s Self-Determination Theory (SDT). Results of this study indicate that informants had several intrinsic and extrinsic motives. Among the extrinsic motives were better health, absence of illness, a good retirement and complying with social norms. A number of integrated and structural motives also exist: positive experience with sports, appropriate challenges, social interaction, diverse sports activities and freedom of choice. The older adults described barriers such as: difficult to self-initiate participation in sports, health related issues and lacking experiences with sports. Furthermore, the study discusses behaviour change triggers to stimulate healthy behaviour in old age using a revised FBM-model. In addition, organised physical activity that promotes satisfaction of the psychological needs is essential for the adherence. Based on the results and discussion, implications for practice are provided through recommendations on physical activity for older adults, based on organisation, activities and recruitment. Results of this study indicate that informants had several intrinsic and extrinsic motives. Among the extrinsic motives were better health, absence of illness, a good retirement and complying with social norms. A number of integrated and structural motives also exist positive experience with sports, appropriate challenges, social interaction, diverse sports activities and freedom of choice. The older adults described barriers such as: difficult to self-initiate participation in sports, health related issues and lacking experiences with sports. Furthermore, the study discusses behaviour change triggers to stimulate healthy behaviour in old age using a revised FBM-model. In addition, organised physical activity that promotes satisfaction of the psychological needs is essential for the adherence. Based on the results and discussion, implications for practice are provided through recommendations on physical activity for older adults, based on organisation, activities and recruitment.

Autism Spectrum Disorder and the Paradigm of Neurodiversity

The new approaches for disability are characterized through respect towards the beneficiary. In practice, this means empowering the person with a disability or an association that fights for the rights to make choices about their personal life. Empowering a person with disabilities, trusting their potential, and encouraging them to look with optimism towards the future are just a few of the aspects of change. Involving the person in making decisions for themselves and promoting those changes that have an impact on the quality of life also has a pragmatic side in the sense that it requires considerable expenses. Several debates for child's rights and people's with disabilities rights proposed the definition of “rights for a future” (Crețu, 2006). The freedom of choice does not only represent a topic from the individualized intervention plan, but additionally refers to taking responsibility, taking ownership for what the person with a disability agreed with.

The AgeCap Conceptual Framework for Research on Capability in Ageing

The overall goal of AgeCap is to contribute to increased wellbeing and participation in life for the older population. While there are several ways to meet this challenge, AgeCap has chosen the capability approach, which focuses on a subjective perceived health- and ability-related perspective, rather than on disease or disabilities. The understanding of capability used within the centre is based on the work of the philosopher and economist Amartya Sen, described as the individual’s ability to perform actions in order to reach goals he or she has reason to value (Sen A. The idea of justice. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2009). The capability approach focuses on what people are able to do and to be – their capabilities – and on their freedom of choice to perform those actions. AgeCap’s multidisciplinary setting was an opportunity to adopt the capability approach within its research. Nevertheless, it also created challenges in establishing a common view of what capability is, and how to apply the concept in collaborations across several different research fields. Thus, at an early stage during the setting up of the Centre, it was decided that a conceptual framework aiming to capture a shared view of capability in ageing should be developed. In addition, in order to facilitate the application of the capability approach within the research setting and make it more accessible to different target groups within society, it was later proposed that a graphic illustration of the AgeCap framework of capability should be created. This chapter describes the conceptual framework and graphic illustration that were developed by the Communication Group in collaboration with the Steering Committee, Principal Investigators, other researchers within AgeCap and the company Explain Artist. Central concepts include available resources, conversion factors, capability set, freedom of choice, goals of value and justice. The purpose of the conceptual framework is mainly to serve as a platform for researchers to use in any way they find relevant from their own perspective. Furthermore, the graphic illustration was developed in order to facilitate the application of the capability approach within AgeCap and make our research more accessible to society in order to dismantle the wall between researchers, older people and the general public.

Subjectiveness as a basis for the manifestation of spiritual capacities

The concept of the subject and the concept of the subjectiveness in the Russian psychological science are examined in the article. The purpose of the study is to consider the concepts “the subject” and “the subjectiveness” and to show the possibility of interpreting the subjectiveness as the basis for the manifestation of spiritual capacities. The definitions of these concepts, the characteristics of the subject and the subjectiveness are given, analysed from the point of view of their significance for the manifestation of spiritual capacities. The subject’s qualities, distinguished by different researchers, the subject's capacities are described, criteria which allow to determine, whether a person manifests itself as a subject, are given. The approaches for the investigation of the subject are noted; the importance of the system-subjective approach for understanding and studying spiritual capacities is emphasised. The analysis of the concepts of the subject and the subjectiveness made it possible to conclude that the most general characteristics of the subject and the subjectiveness include: activity, integrity, sociality, value, uniqueness, self-development, awareness, freedom of choice and responsibility. These characteristics of the subjectiveness are decisive for the manifestation of spiritual capacities. A person acting as a subject, mobilising its subjective qualities, creates the possibility for the actualisation of spiritual capacities, their development and fruitful implementation in life.

Depressive traits are associated with a reduced effect of choice on implicit sense of agency

Our everyday actions and their subsequent outcomes are accompanied by a feeling of control or agency. This sense of agency (SoA) is dependent on the contribution of both prospective factors (e.g., action choice), and retrospective factors (e.g., outcome valence) with considerable variation in the population. We manipulated freedom of choice and valence of outcome to assess the relationship between implicit SoA and subclinical depressive and psychosis-like traits in a cohort of healthy young adults. Participants (N=150) completed a Libet Clock task, in which they had either a free or forced choice of which of two buttons to press, and received either a positive or negative outcome (cash register or klaxon). Participants were required to judge the time on the clock the tone sounded. We measured outcome binding, the shift in the perceived time of the outcome back in time towards the moment of the action. Participants also completed questionnaires on both depressive and psychosis-like traits. Positive outcomes strongly increased intentional binding. The evidence favoured no effect of freedom of choice on average, but this was influenced by inter-individual differences. Individuals reporting more depressive traits had less of a difference in intentional binding between free and forced choice conditions. The findings show that implicit SoA is sensitive to outcome valence and differs across the subclinical depression continuum.

CONCEPTUAL FUNDAMENTALS OF FORMATION OF THE CONCEPT OF ECONOMIC MAN: EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENT

The article considers the evolution of the formation of approaches to defining the essence of man in the economy. The theo­retical foundations of the concept of «economic man» are described and its correspondence to modern processes is shown. The perception of the «economic man» model in economic discourse is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the views of different economic schools on the place and role of man in the economy makes it possible to argue that the analysis of models of economic man has not yet stood out in an independent area of research in world economics. In the framework of rather infrequent attempts in the literature to comprehensively analyze the theoretical and methodological problems associated with the economic person, there is not yet a clear definite definition. Some identify the economic person as «a rational individual who has stable advantages and seeks to maximize their own benefits in terms of complete information, freedom of choice and quality evaluation of alternatives». Others believe that «economic man is a metaphorical or figurative concept that means a prerequisite for a hypothetical­deductive system of economic theory». There is also the opinion that the economic person is characterized by goals based on self­interest and rational choice of means, but the rationality of the economic person does not extend to the choice of goals themselves. It is purely in-strumental in nature and is associated exclusively with the choice of optimal means of self­interest, which is equivalent to maximizing the individual objective function. The models of the economic person formulated above have developed in the course of more than two centuries of evolution of economic science. During this time, some features of the economic man, previously considered basic, have disappeared as optional. These signs include the inevitable selfishness, completeness of information, instant reaction. Entre-preneurial abilities have been added to the main features, where an economic person can work to satisfy his own needs constantly, or become the driving force of this process and then simply control this process, thus satisfying all his needs.Keywords: man, economic man, model of «economic man», sociological man. У статті розглянуто еволюцію формування підходів до визначення сутності людини в економіці. Охарактеризовано теоретичні засади концепції «економічної людини» та показано її відповідність сучасним процесам. Проаналізовано сприйняття моделі «економічної людини» в економічному дискурсі. Порівняльне аналізування поглядів різних економічних шкіл на місце і роль людини в економіці дає можливість стверджувати те, що економічна людина розглядалася не як фактичний суб’єкт, який володіє волею, приймає конкретні господарські рішення, а як пасивний носій тієї чи іншої соціальної ролі. Лише в останні роки з’явилася низка праць економістів, соціологів, філософів, у яких людина економічна розглядається як сукупність економічних потреб, цілей індивіда та розкривається у суперечливій єдності людини, працівника як основ­ного елемента системи продуктивних сил та суб’єкта економічних відносин.Ключові слова: людина, економічна людина, модель «економічної людини», соціологічної людини.

Historical Analysis of School Choice in Ontario: Freedom and Inequality

The article analyzes the contemporary school choice debate in Ontario in relation to the neoliberal models of education instituted by other provinces, and places key issues of the debate within Canada’s historical context. In the first section, this paper focuses on tracing out the push for neoliberal school choice in Ontario within the broader history of its development in Canada, with particular attention to Alberta and British Columbia. The second section examines two aspects of the school choice debate: the issues of freedom of choice, as well as racial and social inequality. Finally, these aspects of school choice are placed alongside Milton Friedman’s voucher school model and the history of education in Ontario. This juxtaposition reveals some of the regulations needed to mitigate the harmful effects of school choice in Ontario.