THE TRADITION OF EARLY AZAN BEYOND THE FASTING OF RAMADAN IN INDONESIA

The Azan is an important thing for Muslims as an Islamic ritual that marks the time of Salah, Islamic prayer. Besides being a marker of the time of Salah, it is as well as a marker time of fajr or dawn in the fasting of Ramadan. The Azan is known as an Early Azan which is done before the Azan time of Dawn Prayer. The Early Azan became a reminder to the Muslims who want to do night prayer and pre-dawn meal (meal between midnight and dawn during the fasting of Ramadan). In some parts of Indonesia, this Early Azan has routinely reverberated beyond the fasting of Ramadan. Among the people of Indonesia, the Early Azan beyond the Ramadan functions to wake up people who have not done early evening prayer and for night prayer at the end of the night. Of course, not all Islamic societies are familiar with Early Azan in the fasting of Ramadan. The question is, has it existed since the era of the Prophet Muhammad? so that it sourced from Hadith of the Prophet or the result of Ijtihad which then becomes a tradition for Muslims in Indonesia.

Effect of Mixed Meal and Leucine Intake on Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Young Men

Dietary protein intake is critical for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. Plasma amino acid concentrations increase with protein intake and increases in muscle protein synthesis are dependent on leucine concentrations. We aimed to investigate the effect of a mixed meal and free amino acids intake on plasma leucine concentrations. In this randomized crossover study, 10 healthy young men (age 25 ± 1 years, height 1.73 ± 0.02 m, weight 65.8 ± 1.5 kg) underwent tests under different conditions—intake of 2 g of leucine (LEU), intake of a mixed meal (protein 27.5 g, including 2.15 g of leucine, protein: fat: carbohydrate ratio—22:25:53) only (MEAL), intake of 2 g of leucine immediately after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU) and intake of 2 g of leucine 180 min after a mixed meal (MEAL-LEU180). Blood samples were collected within 420 min (240 min for LEU only) after intake and changes in amino acid concentrations were evaluated. Although the maximum plasma leucine concentration increased to 442 ± 24 µM for LEU, it was lower at 347 ± 16 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL-LEU, 205 ± 8 µM (p < 0.05 vs. LEU) for MEAL. The maximum plasma leucine concentration for MEAL-LEU180 increased to 481 ± 27 µM and compared to LEU there was no significant difference (p > 0.1). The observation that rapid elevations in plasma leucine concentrations are suppressed when leucine is ingested at the same time as a meal suggests that the timing of its intake must be considered to maximize the anabolic response.

РІПАК: ЗА І ПРОТИ

Представлені результати аналізу літературнихта інформаційних джерел із застосування у годівлісільськогосподарських тварин насіння ріпаку та про-дуктів його переробки – макухи, шроту і рослинноїолії – на сучасному етапі. Визначено їх позитивні йнегативні сторони. Встановлено, що у годівлі тваринможуть використовуватись як насіння ріпаку, так іпродукти його переробки (макуха, шрот і ріпаковаолія). Шкідливі речовини в насінні ріпаку – глюкозино-лати і ерукова кислота – обмежують широке вико-ристання кормів із ріпаку у годівлі тварин. Рівень цихречовин у насінні варіює в широких межах і зале-жить від сорту ріпаку. Канолові (00) ярі сорти ріпа-ку не містять антипоживних речовин. Ріпаковийкорм тваринам згодовують в обмеженій кількості йлише у складі комбікормів. The results of the analysis of literature and information sources from use in livestock feeding rapeseed and its products - meal, meal and vegetable oil - today. Determined their positive and negative sides. Found that feeding animals can be used as rapeseed and its products (meal, rapeseed meal and oil). Harmful substances in rapeseed - glucosinolates and erucic acid - limiting the widespread use of rape feeds in animal nutrition. The level of these substances in the seeds varies widely and depends on the type of rape. Canola (00) spring rapeseed varieties do not contain antinutrient substances. Rape animal feed fed in limited quantities and only in the composition of the feed.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE FOR CHICKENS OF MEAL FROM RECENT CULTIVARS OF CANOLA

Meals of Triazine-tolerant and Westar canola were found to be similar in chemical composition and nutrient content to commercial canola meal. Male broiler chickens grew at a similar rate from 2 to 4 wk when fed diets based on 20% commercial canola meal, meal from the cultivars, or soybean meal. Key words: Canola, cultivars, composition, nutrition, feedstuffs, chickens