scholarly journals As contribuições de Kropotkin para a teoria da evolução: Contribuições para o ensino de biologia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caio Maximino
Keyword(s):  
Nature Of Science ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Mutual Aid ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
External Context ◽  
Thomas Huxley ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Liberal Approach ◽  
The 19Th Century

In one of his most important works, "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" (1902/2009), the Russian anarchist Pyotr Kropotkin outlined his ethnological and ethological observations that led him to propose that, although what later came to be called "fitness" in evolutionary biology is greatly influenced by competition between individuals, cooperation is also an important factor in the evolution of populations and species. Darwin (1859/2018) considered the problem of cooperation a difficulty for his theories, but it were his followers - especially Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer - who ignited a vigorous debate around the subject in the 19th century. Building on Helen Longino's epistemology, I argue that both approaches are value-laden and have political goals, from a libertarian approach in the Kropotkinian camp to a liberal approach in the Huxley-Spencerian camp. This value-ladenness represents an important feature of the Nature of Science that should not be neglected in science teaching, especially in the teaching of evolution. The debate promoted by Kropotkin can be used, in the classroom, to teach the role of cooperation in the evolution of species, as well as to discuss the role of the external context in establishing scientific objectivity, sensu Longino.

scholarly journals Medycyna w ujęciu Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Ryszard W. Gryglewski
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Clinical Model ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Pathological Model ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Derived Data

Medicine in terms of Jędrzej Śniadecki Jędrzej Śniadecki (1768–1838) remains one of most eminent scholars of his times. Remembered as a founder of modern chemistry in Poland, one of early pioneers in anthropology and social sciences, and author of the two volume book Theory of organic being (Teoria jestestw organicznych), in which the modern metabolic concept of life processes can be considered as grounded; he was also a highly educated and gifted physician. This paper aims to show the importance of medicine in Śniadecki’s theory of life, in its physiological and pathological manifestations in regard to the clinical model and the medical practice which he followed. It deals with the concept of illness as described in Śniadecki’s writings, focusing on the role of irritation and organic reaction as the major components of his proposed pathological model. The dynamic and variable conditions of diseases are explained by means of metabolic changes, which was a truly pioneering concept, already described in Śniadecki’s earlier theoretical works on the subject of life and nature. The paper discusses the problem of influence in terms of the leading medical doctrines at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, namely those of John Brown (1735–1788) and François Broussais (1772–1838), on Śniadecki as a researcher and practitioner. For practical (clinical) medicine his reserve towards auscultation and percussion, then a slowly gaining field in clinical subjects, is clearly present in Śniadecki’s writings and teaching. His passive and, as far as we can tell, sceptical attitude is explained by the lack of convincing evidence, based on empirical and experimental data, which would enable to connect the physical signs of a diagnosis fulfilled by means of stethoscope to that of the percussion process. It must be remembered that the books by Adam Raciborski (1809–1871) and Joseph Škoda (1805–1881) were both published in the 1830s, where modern diagnosing methods were established using a suitable scientific background to explain their importance. This was too late to influence the clinical work of Śniadecki. The same scepticism, with an obvious demand for strict and experimentally derived data, is probably responsible for the conservative therapy present in Śniadecki’s teaching.

History of the Historiography of Spanish Textbooks and Treatises on International Law of the 19th Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yolanda Gamarra Chopo
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
International Law ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Spanish History ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The bibliography of Spanish international law textbooks is a good indicator of the evolution of the historiography of international law. Spanish historiography, with its own special features, was a recipient of the great debates concerning naturalism v. positivism and universalism v. particularism that flourished in European and American historiography in the nineteenth century. This study is articulated on four principal axes. The first states how the writings of the philosophes continued to dominate the way in which the subject was conceived in mid-nineteenth century Spain. Secondly, it explores the popularization and democratization of international law through the work of Concepcion Arenal and the heterodox thought of Rafael Maria de Labra. Thirdly, it examines the first textbooks of international law with their distinct natural law bias, but imbued with certain positivist elements. These textbooks trawled sixteenth century Spanish history, searching for the origins of international law and thus demonstrating the historical civilizing role of Spain, particularly in America. Fourthly, it considers the vision of institutionist, heterodox reformers and bourgeois liberals who proclaimed the universality of international law, not without some degree of ambivalence, and their defence of Spain as the object of civilization and also a civilizing subject. In conclusion, the article argues that the late development of textbooks was a consequence of the late institutionalization of the study of international law during the last decade of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the legacy of the nineteenth century survives in the most progressive of contemporary polemics for a new international law.

scholarly journals THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION OF THE CATEGORY OF ADMIRATIVENESS IN RUSSIAN, FRENCH AND ENGLISH

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena K. Kuzmina ◽  
Gulnara G. Nazarova ◽  
Lilia R. Nizameeva ◽  
Gérard Broussois
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
French And English ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

The comprehension of admirativeness as an independent category took place relatively recently – at the end of the 20th century. Until now, some scholars have not recognized an independent character of admirative. However, in recent years there has been an increasingly noticeable tendency to recognize the separate role of admirativeness and to indicate that the expression of surprise evoked by unexpected information cannot be combined with similar meanings. At the same time, the ways and degree of expression of admirativeness in different language systems vary significantly. The introduction of such grammatical category as admirativeness and the term “admirative” refers to the second half of the 19th century. In 1879, O. Dozon coined the term in his works on the Albanian language. The choice of this name (Fr. admiratif comes from the verb “to admire”) is determined by the fact that the linguist interpreted the concept as a certain sense of admiration or surprise, often having an ironic character. Further the development of this direction showed that admirative had the meaning of surprise rather than admiration. In this connection, in 1997, S. de Lancey first singled out this concept into a separate grammatical category. The scholar substantiates it by the fact that in a number of languages, such as Korean, Turkish, Tibetan, Dardic, Sanvar, etc., admirative has a separate grammatical expression. The identification of admirativeness as a separate linguistic phenomenon with a number of specific features has been still the subject of controversy among the researchers. Characteristics and distinctive features of admirativeness, allowing for the separation it from other similar categories will be considered later in the paper (Davletbaeva et al., 2013). In his writings, S. de Lancey uses the term “mirative”, thereby excluding its correlation with admiration introduced by O. Dozon from the meaning of the concept, and indicating that its primary function is to convey the subject’s astonishment. To date, the term “mirative” is widely used in English-language grammar. V.A. Plugnyan notes that the use of this term is more grounded from a typological point of view, however, the use of the concept “admirative” is often retained in domestic works (Smagina, 1996).

The emergence and proliferation of the shaloput sect in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province (second half of the 19th century)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Special Scientific ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Time

Purpose. The article aims to highlight the history of the emergence and spread of the shaloput sect in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province. Research methodology. The methodological basis of the article is formed by the principles of historicism and objectivity, implemented using several methods: general logical (analysis and synthesis), as well as classification, comparative, and periodization methods. Scientific novelty. For the first time in Russian historiography, the subject of a special scientific study was the sect of pranksters and its activities in the Yekaterinoslav province. Based on missionary and police reports, the role of Grigory Shevchenko in the creation of the sect is considered, the area of ​​its distribution within the region is highlighted, the national and social composition of its members is determined. Conclusions. It has been established that Grigory Shevchenko brought in the Pavlograd district of the Yekaterinoslav province the shaloput doctrine from the southern Ukrainian regions, probably from the Tauride province. The sect he created was by its nature Christover or Khlyst. Its dogmas and ceremonial were of a pronounced mystical coloring. Grigory Shevchenko remained a completely independent leader of a group of his fellow believers, he did not belong to any more ramified community, and his community throughout its existence remained an autonomous unit. The attitude of the dignitaries of the Russian Orthodox Church and representatives of the secular authorities to the new religious organization was extremely negative. Various means of pressure were used against the sectarians: from forced interviews to sentences of the rural community and outright repression by punitive bodies.

scholarly journals From the Atlas de l’Europe by Philippe Vandermaelen (1828–1833) to the Weiss Map by Thomas Best Jervis (1854). The Role of the <i>Établissement géographique de Bruxelles</i> in the Map Production of European Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Wouter Bracke
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Short Presentation

Abstract. This paper discusses the role of Philippe Vandermaelen (1795–1869) and his Établissement géographique de Bruxelles in the mapping of Turkey in Europe in the 19th century. After a short presentation of the Brussels Institute up to the 1850s, and of its connection with the family of Thomas Best Jervis (1797–1857), first director of the British Topographical and Statistical Department, the paper first addresses the context of the publication of the Atlas de l’Europe by the Belgian cartographer, in particular its first instalment dedicated to European Turkey (1829), and offers an overview of later publications on the subject. After this it focuses on Franz von Weiss’s map of the area (1829–1830), Jervis’s reproduction of the Weiss map (1854), and Vandermaelen’s role in the latter’s production.

scholarly journals Sources and methods of reconstruction of postal roads in the second half of the 18th century on the example of the former Lublin Voivodeship

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Mateusz Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Research Method ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Gis Tools ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methods Of Reconstruction

Abstract The subject of the article is reconstructing the routes of postal roads within the borders of the Lublin Voivodeship in the second half of the 18th century. The author has attempted to reconstruct the routes of postal roads, using the retrogression method and a cartographic research method with the use of GIS tools. For this purpose, manuscript cartographic and descriptive sources from the late 18th and 19th centuries were used. Cartographic material from the end of the 18th century in connection with descriptive sources constituted the basis for determining the existence of a postal connection. However, maps from the beginning of the 19th century constituted the basis for the reconstruction of the routes of postal roads. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the role of the Lublin Voivodeship in the old Polish communication system. The research has made us aware of the need for further in-depth work on communication in the pre--partition era (before 1795).

scholarly journals Slavic Antiquities and Forgeries as Means for the Shaping of Canons

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Róbert Kiss Szemán
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Chinese Translation ◽  
National Cultures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study deals with the role of Slavic antiquities in the age of national revivals and with the forging of such antiquities. It discusses the subject of Slavic antiquities and forgeries in Central Europe, bringing in the cultural context of Western Europe as well. ‘Antiquity’ is understood to mean a kind of medium that conveyed textual or visual information. The collecting of antiquities became fashionable during the first decades of the 19th century and led to the need for antiquities to be described and categorized. In turn, antiquities served as corpuses for the shaping of modern national cultural canons. It contends that these artefacts, authentic and forged alike, played an important role in moulding the cultural canons of the Slavic nations in Central Europe. An antiquity's canonical value stemmed from its age most of all and an antiquity needed to be linked as specifically as possible to the history and culture of a given nation. The worth of an antiquity was further boosted when it could be connected with historical personages of great significance. Finally, the more mysterious the history of an antiquity, the greater the degree of speculation permissible in regard to interpretations of it. A forged antiquity is basically an objectification informed by the forger's thinking and imagination. A forgery bears not just marks characteristic of past times but also marks of the forger and those of the time in which the forgery was made. It is something which calls an entire system into question, thereby causing bewilderment. From this perplexity, only one phenomenon can derive benefit, namely, the national culture. Important among the motives for the forging of Slavic antiquities was the circumstance that framers of canons felt that the structures of their national cultures were incomplete. Researching the reasons for the forging, the study points out structural gaps in the canons in Central Europe as well as traumas stemming from forgeries. Using four examples taken from Kollár's oeuvre (the Poison Tree of Java, the Slavic idols of Prillwitz, the Queen's Court and Green Mountain manuscripts and Derzhavin's poem God in Japanese and Chinese translation) it presents the most common motives behind Slavic forgeries along with the kinds of fake most frequently encountered; it also shows the processes by which forgeries were exposed for what they were. These examples show that when Kollár worked with antiquities and fake antiquities, playing the imposter and pecuniary advantage were very far from him. On the other hand, as a philologist he became a prisoner of contemporary national canonical and emblematic structures.

scholarly journals Henselt, Balakirev, and Stasov. Fathers AND Sons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
О.А. Скорбященская
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
National Library ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fathers And Sons ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Creative Cooperation

Темой статьи является творческий диалог представителей двух поколений российской фортепианной школы XIX века: Адольфа Львовича Гензельта и Милия Алексеевича Балакирева, символизирующих роли отцов и детей русского пианизма 1840х и 1860х годов. Рассматривается также роль В. В. Стасова, ставшего инициатором их знакомства и дальнейшего сотрудничества. Документальной основой для статьи послужили письма Гензельта к Стасову и Балакиреву, письма Балакирева к Стасову, хранящиеся в Отделе рукописей Российской национальной библиотеки и в Научноисследовательском отделе рукописей СанктПетербургской государственной консерватории имени Н. А. РимскогоКорсакова, а также материалы периодики 1860 1880х годов. The subject of the article is the creative dialogue between the representatives of two generations of Russian pianists of the 19th century: Adolf Henselt and Miliy Balakirev, who symbolized the roles of the fathers and the sons of the Russian piano school of the 1840s and the 1860s. The role of Vladimir Stasov who initiated their acquaintance and creative cooperation, is also being considered. The documentary base of the article includes Henselts letters to Stasov and Balakirev, and Balakirevs letters to Stasov kept in the collections of the Manuscript Departments of the St. Petersburg RimskyKorsakov State Conservatory and the National Library of Russia, as well as the periodicals materials of the 1860s 1880s.

scholarly journals Syntactic characteristics of final etiquette formulas in the Russian epistolary of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol IX(257) (75) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A. Podopryhora
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
First Person ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Simple Sentences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The syntactic structure of the final etiquette formulas in letters (FEF) is analyzed on the basis of the Russian epistolary of the 19th century. It is shown that FEF are diverse in structure, but they are often simple sentences. Typical for FEF is the inclusion of the addressee's self-nomination in the role of the subject; the use of verbs in the first person, indicating the addressee and implementing the textual category of dialogization. Also, FEF in letters are represented by complex sentences of different types, complex syntactic constructions, and overphrasal unities

scholarly journals New Institutionalism in the system of theoretical and methodological foundations of political science

2019 ◽  
pp. 136-146
Author(s):  
Nataliia Rotar
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
New Institutionalism ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Science Methodology ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the place and role of New Institutionalism in the system of theoretical and methodological foundations of political science. It is proved that the limitations of any science by the methodology leads to the fact that a significant number of problems, the study of which does not fit into the rigid framework of the scientific method, do not attract the attention of researchers. The conclusions note that in political science there does not exist and never existed a definite universal methodology, the general principles of which would be equally understood and applied by all researchers studying politics and which would guarantee the necessary, objective and universal knowledge for the sphere of politics. Those methodological approaches that have been used in political science since the 19th century correspond, first of all, to the subject and objectives of cognition of politics, which are dynamically changing and will change depending on changes in political reality. Therefore, the complex of methodological approaches that has been formed today is not exhaustive, and the methodology of New Institutionalism cannot be designated as universal. Most of the methodological approaches used today in political science are borrowed from other sciences, with the exception of the neo-institutionalism methodology, the basic principles of which were not adapted, but formed as a set of methods and theories for studying political. The methodological foundations of political science indicate its dependence, like any other science, on the philosophical models of cognition characteristic of a particular historical time. Initially, the development of the methodology of political science was influenced not only by the subject and purpose of the study, but also by the prospects for the practical use of the results obtained using certain methodologies and their socio and cultural purposes. Keywords: political science, methodology of political science, theory of political science, New Institutionalism.

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