Trefoil Factor Family in Pre-neoplastic Lesions and Gastric Cancer

Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Although the global incidence of gastric cancer has been decreased dramatically in recent decades, north and northwest of Iran have the highest incidence rate of gastric cancer. Whilst the surgical procedures for gastric cancer have been improved, there is no cure for that. The intestinal type of GC results from pre-neoplastic conditions including atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Trefoil Factors Family proteins (TFFs) are small and stable molecules secreted by the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. TFFs constitute a family of three peptides (TFF1, TFF2and TFF3) that are widely expressed in a tissue specific manner in the gastrointestinal tract. Variable TFFs expression in gastric cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions has been found. TFF1 has a tumor suppressor activity and inhibits tumorogenesis in gastric cancer. Its expression decreases in gastritis, gastric atrophy, dysplasia, intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer.TFF2 has a protective effect on gastrointestinal epithelium. As a prognostic factor, TFF2 expression decreases in gastric ulcer, chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer. TFF3 is considered as an oncogenic factor in gastric tissues. Whilst the normal gastric tissues don’t express TFF3, it increases in intestinal metaplasia. Therefore, more studies are necessary to clarify the role of TFFs in GC and pre-neoplastic conditions. This review has focused on elucidating the important role of TFFs in gastric cancer and pre-neoplastic lesions.

Surgical Trend in Ewing’s sarcoma: from the Limb Amputation to the Extended Curettage

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How to break bad news?: Systematic Review

Purpose: We conducted a systematic review of studies that focus on existing protocols for oncologists and other physicians who are in touch with cancer patients.Method:We searched all internationally published articles on the introduction of a protocol as the guideline. To this purpose, we did a thorough search of Pubmed and Cochrane Collaboration Library databases and reviewed all articles from 2010 to 2017.Results:We introduced 7 papers from 7 countries and evaluated their proposed protocols. A primary protocol called SPIKES had been discussed in most studies. This protocol emphasized the six steps of setting, perception, invitation, knowledge, empathy and summary.Conclusion: BBN is a balanced action that requires oncologists and other specialists to consistently adapt to its different criteria. Developing the ability to personalize and adapt to therapeutic treatment with respect to communications can be a major step forward in the training and exercises that physicians receive in connection to communication skills.

Past, Present and Future? of Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology and Clinical Study in Misan

Background: Colorectal carcinoma is commonest cancer of GIT. It is represent third cancer in man worldwide beyond lung and prostate cancers. It is fourth cancer in woman beyond breast, lung and uterus cancers. Deaths from colorectal cancer is more in compare with other GIT cancers. The study aimed to determine epidemiological and clinical data of colorectal cancer in Misan province.Methods: Our study conducted in Misan province, Iraq. The data were collected from 2013 to 2016. Seventy one patients that found have colorectal cancer. An epidemiological, clinical and descriptive study perform which included frequency of gender, age, residency, site of cancer, family history, past history, year of onset, smoking history, alcohol intake, presentation of cancer at time of diagnosis, staging and histopathology pattern in relation to colorectal cancer.Results: Overall prevalence of colon and rectum carcinoma is 3.75%. The most age group affected was 51-60 years as 30.99%. The gender and residency of patients have no effect on cancer percent. Obesity, Family history, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption represented risk factors for colorectal cancer. In 42.25% of patients had family history of cancer. Most common site of colorectal carcinoma was left colon, which present in 61.97%. Conclusion: There was slight increase in new cases detection of colorectal carcinoma from 2013 to 2016. Advanced stages of colorectal cancer were most common stages description as stage IIIA, IIIB, IIIC and stage IV in 12.67%, 16.90%, 19.72% and 15.49% respectively. The common histopathological pattern of colorectal cancer was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma as 53.52%.