THE LIMITATION OF CYBER WARFARE UNDER HUMANITARIAN LAW (Pembatasan Perang Siber dalam Hukum Humaniter)

<p><em>States and non-State armed groups are increasingly employing cyber capabilities in their military operations in the digitalization environment today. There is a controversy about how current international legal frameworks, especially International Humanitarian Law (IHL), applies to such conduct in cyberspace, most notably in the context of armed conflict. Because one of the fundamental aims of the IHL is to protect civilians from the impact of armed conflict, it is critical to explore the norms of IHL that regulate such operations. This article will be likely to discuss about cyber warfare in the term of armed conflict. Lastly, the article will be reviewing the rules and principle that applies during the cyber warfare.</em></p><p><em> </em></p>

Serangan Siber Sebagai Penggunaan Kekuatan Bersenjata dalam Perspektif Hukum Keamanan Nasional Indonesia (Cyber Attacks as the Use of Force in the Perspective of Indonesia National Security Law)

<p><em>Cyber Attack is part of use of force. The scope of use of cyber force in this article is limited to use by state against another state. The increasing of cyber attack grow within </em>the awareness of every country in the world including Indonesia in matters of strategy and regulated their National Security Law. Interpreted cyber attack as some forms of offensive <em>attacks will be challenging. The reason why will be difficult to regulate is that the factual bases for there have to be casualties</em><em>, physical destruction </em><em>and attribution will be addressed. Furthermore Indonesia needs to develop new policy and regulated cyber</em> attack in Indonesia National Security Law.<em></em></p>

HUBUNGAN TALIBAN DAN CINA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONA (The Taliban and China Relations in International Law Perspective)

<p>Sejak Taliban pimpinan Haibatullah Akhundzada menguasai Afghanistan pada pada 15 Agustus yang lalu, Cina tampaknya menjadi negara yang paling intens bekerjasama dengan rezim yang berkuasa secara <em>de facto</em> itu. Berbeda dari negara-negara Barat yang cenderung mengambil jarak, tampaknya Cina mengambil sikap sebaliknya yang lebih akomodatif terhadap Taliban. Di sisi lain, pemerintahan Taliban sebagai rezim <em>de facto</em> yang sekarang berkuasa juga ingin menunjukkan citra baru dan berbeda dengan Taliban sebelumnya yang secara <em>notorious</em> berkuasa dengan brutal dalam kurun waktu 1996-2001 di bawah pimpinan Mohammad Omar. Tulisan ini akan membahas mengenai hubungan antara Cina dan Taliban menurut hukum internasional, kemudian soal pengakuan internasional terhadap pemerintahan Taliban di Afghanistan. </p>

KETAKUTAN YANG BERALASAN PADA PENGUNGSI PENYANDANG DISABILITAS (Well-Founded Fear within Refugees with Disabilities)

<p><em>Persons with disabilities are vulnerable group and would be found anywhere in any situation. They become refugees since their conditions of persecution and they should leave out from their country. Unfortunately, the problem occured when persons with mental disabilities could not indicate their well-founded fear as stated in the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees. Regarding the problem, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) may be the answer to settle the problem since CRPD is the human rights approach to disability and recognizes the right of persons with disabilities to equality in most aspects of life. From CRPD, refugees with disabilities can show a well-founded fear thus giving a hope for them in obtaining refugee status and gaining access equivalent to refugees in general. UNHCR uses the CRPD as a reference in carrying out the responsibilities and commitments for the rights of refugees with disabilities.</em></p>

IMPLIKASI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2020 TENTANG CIPTA KERJA BAGI KEMAJUAN INDUSTRI PERTAHANAN INDONESIA (Implication of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation for the Advancement of Indonesian Defence Industry)

<p><em>The superiority of a country in defending its sovereignty and territorial integrity can no longer be directly measured by the amount of military infrastructure it has, however it should also be viewed from the aspect of a country’s ability to build a domestic defence industry that can be useful for meeting national and other countries’ needs. As an effort to develop the defence industry ecosystem in Indonesia, in 2020 the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Indonesian House of Representatives enacted Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (Job Creation Law), one of which regulates the opening of opportunities for the private sector to participate in the development of defence industry sector, thereby automatically changing previous arrangement in Law No. 16 of 2012 on Defence Industry. In this article, the author considers that the changes in the Job Creation Law provisions can bring four advantages to the improvement of the Indonesian defence industry in the future.</em></p>