scholarly journals Serangan Siber Sebagai Penggunaan Kekuatan Bersenjata dalam Perspektif Hukum Keamanan Nasional Indonesia (Cyber Attacks as the Use of Force in the Perspective of Indonesia National Security Law)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Diny Luthfah
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
The World

<p><em>Cyber Attack is part of use of force. The scope of use of cyber force in this article is limited to use by state against another state. The increasing of cyber attack grow within </em>the awareness of every country in the world including Indonesia in matters of strategy and regulated their National Security Law. Interpreted cyber attack as some forms of offensive <em>attacks will be challenging. The reason why will be difficult to regulate is that the factual bases for there have to be casualties</em><em>, physical destruction </em><em>and attribution will be addressed. Furthermore Indonesia needs to develop new policy and regulated cyber</em> attack in Indonesia National Security Law.<em></em></p>

scholarly journals The Challenge of Cyber Attacks in the “Information Age” and the Jus Ad Bellum

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Pshtiwan Mohammed Qader
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Armed Force ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
The Right

The present paper examines the problem of cyber-attacks under existing international law. It takes the view that the (United Nations) UN Charter provisions on the use of force can be extended to cyber-attacks by means of interpretation although the relevant provisions do not explicitly address such issue. This Article argues that cyber-attacks resulting in material damage or destruction to property, death or injury to persons, or severe disruption of the functioning of critical infrastructures can be characterized as use of armed force and therefore violate the prohibition contained in article 2(4) of the Charter. However, cyber-attacks not resulting in the above consequences may be illegal intervention in the internal affairs of other states if such attacks are coercive in nature. In addition, the current study discusses that a cyber-attack which amounts to a use of armed force per se is not sufficient to give the victim state the right to self-defense, unless its scale and effects are equivalent to those of a conventional armed attack. Finally, the study concludes that an international cyber treaty is truly necessary to more effectively address cyber-attacks.

scholarly journals Cyber-Attack Scoring Model Based on the Offensive Cybersecurity Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7738
Author(s):  
Kyounggon Kim ◽  
Faisal Abdulaziz Alfouzan ◽  
Huykang Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Critical Infrastructures ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Scoring Model ◽  
Advanced Persistent Threats ◽  
The World

Cyber-attacks have become commonplace in the world of the Internet. The nature of cyber-attacks is gradually changing. Early cyber-attacks were usually conducted by curious personal hackers who used simple techniques to hack homepages and steal personal information. Lately, cyber attackers have started using sophisticated cyber-attack techniques that enable them to retrieve national confidential information beyond the theft of personal information or defacing websites. These sophisticated and advanced cyber-attacks can disrupt the critical infrastructures of a nation. Much research regarding cyber-attacks has been conducted; however, there has been a lack of research related to measuring cyber-attacks from the perspective of offensive cybersecurity. This motivated us to propose a methodology for quantifying cyber-attacks such that they are measurable rather than abstract. For this purpose, we identified each element of offensive cybersecurity used in cyber-attacks. We also investigated the extent to which the detailed techniques identified in the offensive cyber-security framework were used, by analyzing cyber-attacks. Based on these investigations, the complexity and intensity of cyber-attacks can be measured and quantified. We evaluated advanced persistent threats (APT) and fileless cyber-attacks that occurred between 2010 and 2020 based on the methodology we developed. Based on our research methodology, we expect that researchers will be able to measure future cyber-attacks.

scholarly journals RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE FINANCIAL SECTOR OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF CYBER THREATS AND POST-PANDEMIC ECONOMIC RECOVERY

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Nazar Demchyshak ◽  
Anastasiia Shkyria
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
National Security ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
The World ◽  
Cyber Threat ◽  
Security Index ◽  
Cyber Risk

Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of approaches of domestic and foreign scientists to risk management in the financial sector of Ukraine in the context of cyber threats and the need to ensure national security and post-pandemic economic recovery. Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods of scientific research are used in the article, in particular: induction, deduction, scientific abstraction - to reveal the essence of the concepts of "cyber threat", “cyber security" and "digitalization"; statistical and graphical methods - to assess the current situation in the field of cyber defence in the world and the national cyber security index; methods of analysis and synthesis - in substantiating the conclusions of the research. Finding. Definitions of cyber risk, approaches to its interpretation and classification were considered. The importance of cyber security in the digitalization of the national economy was argued. The Strategy of Ukrainian Financial Sector Development until 2025 is analysed. The world statistics of frequency and losses due to cyber-attacks are studied and the cyber threats that caused the greatest losses in Ukraine are identified. The analysis of Ukraine’s positions in the National Cyber Security Index 2020 is carried out. The directions of cyber threat prevention that can be useful for Ukrainian companies are substantiated. Originality. The author’s definition of the term "cyber risk" is proposed, in which special attention in focused on the effects of cyber threats. The importance of cyber risk management in the conditions of inevitability of digitalization in the financial sector of Ukraine is substantiated. Approaches to the prevention of cyber-attacks, the implementation of which is necessary for the successful digital transformation of Ukraine, are proposed. Practical value. The results of the research will contribute to the formation of an effective risk management system in the financial sector of Ukraine in terms of digitalization of the financial space and post-pandemic recovery of the national economy. Key words: national security, cyber risk, cyber threat, cyber defence, digitalization, post-pandemic recovery, fintech.

scholarly journals The Multidimensional Impact on Society of Cyber Attacks Targeting the Energy Critical Infrastructure Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-417
Author(s):  
Anca Dinicu ◽  
Romana Oancea ◽  
Ghiță Bârsan
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Social System ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The Way

Abstract The security environment is experiencing unprecedented dynamics, absorbing and counteracting elements that generate challenges and threats, favoring aspects (apparently) beneficial to development and responding to the most unique threats that manage to have an increased impact on new areas of public interest, thus weakening national security. This paper aims to highlight the variety of effects on the various areas of the global social system that can be generated by a vital infrastructure that has become dysfunctional as a result of a cyber attack. Also, the article discusses the way in which various cyber attacks on the energy sector were orchestrated against the background of alleged rivalries between states.

Cyber Attacks and Cyber Security in Underwater Communication

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Sachin Umrao
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Underwater Communication ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

This chapter is structured around the concepts of risk analysis due to underwater deployment of the cables for data transfer. Most of the organizations have deployed their networks below the water for shortening the distances between peers and also to reduce the physical destruction cost of cables. Furthermore, some organizations like Google kept their servers below the water because it reduced the cost of getting it cool, which in turn increases the efficiency. However, security consultants around the world in recent past expressed their considerations that a cyber-attack on these servers or cables might result in miserable economic collision. This might be overstated but there are infrequent situations in which cable breakage could be riotous. Although organizations cannot rule the threat of attacks on these apparatuses, there are fewer check measures that could reduce the possible attack chances in underwater communication.

Morality and the Use of Force in a Unipolar World: The “Wilsonian Moment”?

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
Tony Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Democratic Government ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
The World

When, where, and how should the promotion of human rights and democracy abroad figure in American foreign policy? A compelling way for liberals to influence this debate is to underscore a Wilsonian agenda's relevance to national security. To the extent that stability in a region is grounded in a commitment to liberal democratic government, American security interests are served directly and powerfully. Nevertheless, liberals must also recognize that in some regions their agenda may be irrelevant, even quixotic. Not every part of the world is ready for the liberal democratic message, and the failure to recognize this fundamental truth has often undercut efforts to advance a Wilsonian agenda.

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review on the Cyber Security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 669-710
Author(s):  
Dr.Yusuf Perwej ◽  
Syed Qamar Abbas ◽  
Jai Pratap Dixit ◽  
Dr. Nikhat Akhtar ◽  
Anurag Kumar Jaiswal
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Security Framework ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The World ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Or Organization

In recent years, the Internet has become an integral element of people's everyday lifestyles all across the world. Online criminality, on the other hand, has risen in tandem with the growth of Internet activity. Cyber security has advanced greatly in recent years in order to keep up with the rapid changes that occur in cyberspace. Cyber security refers to the methods that a country or organization can use to safeguard its products and information in cyberspace.  Two decades ago, the term "cyber security" was barely recognized by the general public. Cyber security isn't just a problem that affects individuals but it also applies to an organization or a government. Everything has recently been digitized, with cybernetics employing a variety of technologies such as cloud computing, smart phones, and Internet of Things techniques, among others. Cyber-attacks are raising concerns about privacy, security, and financial compensation. Cyber security is a set of technologies, processes, and practices aimed at preventing attacks, damage, and illegal access to networks, computers, programmes, and data.  The primary goal of this article is to conduct a thorough examination of cyber security kinds, why cyber security is important, cyber security framework, cyber security tools, and cyber security difficulties. Cyber security safeguards the data and integrity of computing assets that are part of or connected to an organization's network, with the goal of defending such assets from all threat actors throughout the life cycle of a cyber-attack.

scholarly journals Vulnerability Analysis of Existing Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Defense Frameworks

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Shaveta Gupta ◽  
Dinesh Grover ◽  
Abhinav Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Vulnerability Analysis ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Distributed Denial Of Service ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Detection Time ◽  
Ddos Attack ◽  
The World

The world is quickly moving towards an era of digitization. Scope and volume of the network are becoming vast that makes these machines more prone to cyber-attack due to vulnerabilities of the network. There are various types of cyber-attacks but most common and equally impactful is DDOS attack. A foolproof defense mechanism is need of the hour. Analysis of various existing defense mechanism frameworks has been done and their shortcomings have been reported by us. This analysis will help to define a framework which can provide better accuracy, lesser detection time and reduced false negative and positive rates. It will further ensure better response and mitigation against the attack.

The invisible hole of information on SMB's cybersecurity

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
Ruti Gafni ◽  
Tal Pavel
Keyword(s):  
Mass Communication ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Communication Media ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Types Of Information

Small and Medium Businesses (SMB) use Internet and computer-based tools in their daily processes, sometimes without being aware to the cyber threats, or without knowing how to be prepared in case of a cyber-attack, although they are a major target for cyber-attacks. Specific information about cybersecurity needed by SMBs, in order to cope with cyber threats, is not always available or easily accessible. In this study, a vast search of different types of information about SMBs’ cybersecurity was performed, in order to find whether a hole of accessible information exists in this area. This exploratory research covered general mass communication media channels, technological and professional cybersecurity websites, and academic journals, and found that indeed very few studies, articles and news items were published in this matter. Leveraging knowledge and awareness, diminishing the shame for reporting cyber-attacks, and increasing mass communication media interest and public attention, may be activities to cover this “invisible hole”.

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