Prediction of the Effect of Engine Geometry on Aircraft Smoke Visibility

The visibility of aircraft exhaust smoke derives principally from light absorption and, hence, varies with smoke concentration and exhaust diameter. Because of complex exit aerodynamics and jet entrainment, however, effective exhaust diameters differ from actual. Entrainment rapidly transforms the exit profiles of smoke concentration to self-preserving Gaussian ones and causes slow decay of visibility. The initial visibility of the self-preserving jet is shown to depend on the mass emission rate of smoke times the square of ambient gas density and gross jet thrust. This expression also describes, within about 10 percent, the actual exit visibility for current engine types. Quantitative criteria are also derived for the engine spacing, at which coalescence of parallel jets influences visibility, and for the magnitude of effect.

Proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard: Object, Scope, Definition and Description of Terms

This paper gives definitions for the terms used in the series of ASME papers (see Appendix) constituting a proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard.

Crude Oil Firing in the Utility Gas Turbine

A more flexible approach is needed to accommodate rapidly changing require requirements of the fuel market toward the gas-turbine manufacturer. The impact of new fuels on performance of the gas turbine is both long and short range. The short-range effects influence the design of the fuel-handling, combustion, and control systems. Long-range effects on the gas turbine include potential corrosion of the blades and vanes, as some of the new fuels contain small but varying amounts of sodium, potassium, vanadium, and lead. These metallic trace elements, in causing corrosion, are independent of the type of fuel in which they are contained; therefore, safe trace element levels can be established under controlled laboratory conditions, using small specimens of the structural material. This paper deals mainly with the crude oil.

Proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard: Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

Since fuel comprises a fairly large percent of total gas-turbine operating costs, it is an extremely important subject to the user. This paper, one of a series (see Appendix), describes allowable specifications for gaseous and liquid fuels suitable for burning in gas turbines.

Proposed Gas Turbine Procurement Standard: Preparation for Shipment and Installation

This paper, one of a series (see Appendix), deals with preparation by the manufacturer of the gas turbine, components, and accessories for domestic or overseas shipment. Further, it endeavors to point out some critical areas requiring serious attention prior to installation and operation of gas-turbine systems.