Increased Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Hepatitis C vs Hepatitis B Before, During, and After Discontinuing Interferon Therapy

Autoimmune thyroid diseases are common manifestations of hepatitis C infection, exacerbated by interferon-based treatment. However, the occurrence and pattern of thyroid disease in the short/medium term following the completion of IFN-based therapy is relatively unknown and there are very few previous reports regarding the specific spectrum of autoimmune thyroid disease that may follow such therapy. We hereby report 3 cases which demonstrate the range of thyroid diseases that may occur following interferon therapy. The hypothesis advanced is that in the pathogenesis of these conditions there must be both triggering and sustaining mechanisms as thyroid diseases occur well outside the immediate effect window of pegylated interferon. This paper suggests the need to continue thyroid surveillance in IFN-treated HCV patients following the completion of therapy, perhaps for the first 6 months.

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S2072 Interferon-Related Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in 3414 Naïve Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(09)61487-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 136 (5) ◽

pp. A-324

Author(s):

Filomena Morisco ◽

Daniela C. Amoruso ◽

Mariateresa Tartaglione ◽

Antonio D. Luna ◽

Pietro Andreone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Hepatitis ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Chronic Hepatitis C ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid

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Meta-Analysis of the Association between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and the Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2018/2846943 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Xue-Ren Gao ◽

Yong-Guo Yu

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Receptor ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Asian Populations ◽

Increased Risk ◽

African Populations ◽

Reduced Risk

The association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232) and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) had been investigated in previous studies. However, the results of these studies remained controversial. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise conclusion. All related articles were systematically searched by PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of association. The overall results indicated thatVDRrs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were significantly associated with a reduced risk of AITD. However, a stratification analysis based on clinical types showed thatVDRrs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were associated only with a reduced risk of HT. A stratification analysis by ethnicity showed thatVDRrs731236 polymorphism was significantly associated with a reduced risk of AITD in Asian and African populations.VDRrs2228570 polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of AITD in Asian populations.VDRrs1544410 polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of AITD in European and African populations, but with an increased risk of AITD in Asian populations.VDRrs7975232 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of AITD in African populations. In conclusion, the present study suggested thatVDRrs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232 polymorphisms were significantly associated with AITD risk. However, more well-designed studies should be performed to verify the current results.

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Increased Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and It’s Comorbidities in Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072422 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2422

Author(s):

Chun-Wei Ho ◽

Hsin-Hung Chen ◽

Ming-Chia Hsieh ◽

Ching-Chu Chen ◽

Sheng-Pang Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Polycystic Ovary ◽

Group Method ◽

Control Group ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Artery Disease

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its comorbidities in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Population: In this cohort study, patients newly diagnosed as having Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) or Grave disease (GD) were recruited into the AITD group. Method: The logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between exposure, endpoint, later diseases and treatment. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed the cumulative incidence using the Kaplan–Meier method and verified the difference by the log-rank test. Results: The AITD group included 3599 GD patients and 1332 HT patients. PCOS risk in patients with AITD was higher than that in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.71). In patients with both AITD and PCOS, the odds ratios of diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease were 2.48, 2.05 and 2.63, respectively. Conclusions: The risks of PCOS and its comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiac artery disease are high in patients with AITD in Taiwan.

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Hepatitis B vaccine and risk of autoimmune thyroid disease: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study

Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety ◽

10.1002/pds.1354 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 16 (7) ◽

pp. 736-745 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Onchee Yu ◽

Kari Bohlke ◽

Christi A. Hanson ◽

Kristin Delaney ◽

Thomas G. Rees ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Vaccine Safety ◽

Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid

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MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-14-0047 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 170 (6) ◽

pp. R241-R252 ◽

Cited By ~ 142

Author(s):

Grigoris Effraimidis ◽

Wilmar M Wiersinga

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Twin Studies ◽

Susceptibility Genes ◽

Antithyroid Drugs ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Fetal Microchimerism ◽

Low Selenium

The last 10 years have seen some progress in understanding the etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The female preponderance can now be explained – at least in part – by fetal microchimerism and X-chromosome inactivation. The number of identified susceptibility genes for AITD is increasing (among others now includingTSHR,TG,HLA,CTLA4,PTPN22,CD40,FCRL3,IL2RA, andFOXP3), but these genes together probably do not explain more than about 10% of the heritability of AITD. As twin studies indicate that genes contribute for 70% of AITD, it follows that there must be many more loci, each of them contributing a little. While the genetic studies have clarified why various autoimmune diseases so often cluster in the same patient, the molecular mechanism of action of these genetic polymorphisms (frequently located in introns) has hardly been explained. Polymorphisms in AITD susceptibility genes may become helpful in clinical practice, e.g. in assessing risk of recurrent Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) after a course of antithyroid drugs. Moderate alcohol intake decreases the risk on overt GH and overt Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Current smokers – as well known – are at increased risk for Graves' disease, but – surprisingly – at diminished risk for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Low selenium and low vitamin D levels might increase the risk of developing AITD, but data are still inconclusive. Current options for preventive interventions in subjects at risk to develop AITD are very limited.

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Relation of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus to thyroid cancer

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-20-0180 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 607-616

Author(s):

T Grimmichova ◽

M Haluzik ◽

K Vondra ◽

P Matucha ◽

M Hill

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Thyroid Volume ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Increased Risk

Objective Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) generally experience a higher incidence of cancer. However, the association between T2DM and thyroid cancer is inconclusive. Methods Case-control prospective study, where 722 patients were screened for T2DM and prediabetes (PDM) and underwent thyroid ultrasound and biochemical tests. The patients were assigned to groups of PDM (n = 55), T2DM (n = 79) or a non-diabetes group (NDM) (n = 588). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 263 patients. Histological examinations were done for 109 patients after surgery, with findings of 52 benign (BS) and 57 malignant tumors (MS). Results Thirty-three percent of patients with T2DM and especially PDM were newly diagnosed by our screening: 6.5% with T2DM and 72% with PDM, respectively. The percentage of thyroid cancers did not significantly differ between the groups (χ2 test = 0.461; P = 0.794). Relevant positive thyroid predictors for T2DM (t-statistic = 25.87; P < 0.01) and PDM (21.69; P < 0.01) contrary to NDM (−26.9; P < 0.01) were thyroid volume (4.79; P < 0.01), thyroid nodule volume (3.25; P < 0.01) and multinodular thyroid gland (4.83; P < 0.01), while negative relevant predictors included the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (−2.01; P < 0.05). Conclusion In general, we did not observe an increased risk for thyroid cancer in the diabetic and prediabetic groups in comparison to controls, in spite of well-established increased risk for other malignancies. Structural and benign changes such as larger and multinodular thyroid glands, in comparison to autoimmune thyroid disease, are present more often in diabetics.

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Children with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Are at Increased Risk for Autoimmune Gastritis

Clinical Thyroidology ◽

10.1089/ct.2019;31.463-466 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 463-466

Author(s):

Catherine A. Dinauer

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Gastritis ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Increased Risk

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SEQUENCE SIMILARITY BETWEEN THYROID SELF-PROTEIN AND HEPATITIS C VIRUS POLYPROTEIN: possible triggering mechanism of autoimmune thyroiditis

Arquivos de Gastroenterologia ◽

10.1590/s0004-28032016000300012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 185-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Maristella de Araújo Carvalho SOUSA ◽

Raymundo PARANÁ ◽

Luís Jesuíno de Oliveira ANDRADE

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis C Virus ◽

Hepatitis C ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Amino Acid Sequence ◽

Thyroid Disease ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽

Molecular Mimicry ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Autoimmune Thyroid ◽

Virus Polyprotein

ABSTRACT Background - Exposure to viral antigens that share amino acid sequence similar with self- antigens might trigger autoimmune diseases in genetically predisposed individuals, and the molecular mimicry theory suggests that epitope mimicry between the virus and human proteins can activate autoimmune disease. Objective - The purpose of this study is to explore the possible sequence similarity between the amino acid sequences of thyroid self-protein and hepatitis C virus proteins, using databanks of proteins and immunogenic peptides, to explain autoimmune thyroid disease. Methods - Were performed the comparisons between the amino acid sequence of the hepatitis C virus polyprotein and thyroid self-protein human, available in the database of National Center for Biotechnology Information on Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. Results - The sequence similarity was related each hepatitis C virus genotype to each thyroid antigen. The similarities between the thyroid and the viral peptides ranged from 21.0 % (31 identical residues out of 147 amino acid in the sequence) to 71.0% (5 identical residues out of 7 amino acid in the sequence). Conclusion - Bioinformatics data, suggest a possible pathogenic link between hepatitis C virus and autoimmune thyroid disease. Through of molecular mimicry is observed that sequences similarities between viral polyproteins and self-proteins thyroid could be a mechanism of induction of crossover immune response to self-antigens, with a breakdown of self-tolerance, resulting in autoimmune thyroid disease.

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