scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players

2014 ◽  
Vol 170 (6) ◽  
pp. R241-R252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigoris Effraimidis ◽  
Wilmar M Wiersinga
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Susceptibility Genes ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
Fetal Microchimerism ◽  
Low Selenium

The last 10 years have seen some progress in understanding the etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). The female preponderance can now be explained – at least in part – by fetal microchimerism and X-chromosome inactivation. The number of identified susceptibility genes for AITD is increasing (among others now includingTSHR,TG,HLA,CTLA4,PTPN22,CD40,FCRL3,IL2RA, andFOXP3), but these genes together probably do not explain more than about 10% of the heritability of AITD. As twin studies indicate that genes contribute for 70% of AITD, it follows that there must be many more loci, each of them contributing a little. While the genetic studies have clarified why various autoimmune diseases so often cluster in the same patient, the molecular mechanism of action of these genetic polymorphisms (frequently located in introns) has hardly been explained. Polymorphisms in AITD susceptibility genes may become helpful in clinical practice, e.g. in assessing risk of recurrent Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) after a course of antithyroid drugs. Moderate alcohol intake decreases the risk on overt GH and overt Hashimoto's hypothyroidism. Current smokers – as well known – are at increased risk for Graves' disease, but – surprisingly – at diminished risk for Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Low selenium and low vitamin D levels might increase the risk of developing AITD, but data are still inconclusive. Current options for preventive interventions in subjects at risk to develop AITD are very limited.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of the Association between Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and the Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue-Ren Gao ◽  
Yong-Guo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Receptor ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Reduced Risk

The association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (rs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232) and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) had been investigated in previous studies. However, the results of these studies remained controversial. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise conclusion. All related articles were systematically searched by PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the strength of association. The overall results indicated thatVDRrs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were significantly associated with a reduced risk of AITD. However, a stratification analysis based on clinical types showed thatVDRrs731236 and rs2228570 polymorphisms were associated only with a reduced risk of HT. A stratification analysis by ethnicity showed thatVDRrs731236 polymorphism was significantly associated with a reduced risk of AITD in Asian and African populations.VDRrs2228570 polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of AITD in Asian populations.VDRrs1544410 polymorphism was associated with a reduced risk of AITD in European and African populations, but with an increased risk of AITD in Asian populations.VDRrs7975232 polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of AITD in African populations. In conclusion, the present study suggested thatVDRrs731236, rs1544410, rs2228570, and rs7975232 polymorphisms were significantly associated with AITD risk. However, more well-designed studies should be performed to verify the current results.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Predictive scores in autoimmune thyroid disease: are they useful?

2019 ◽  
Vol 181 (3) ◽  
pp. R119-R131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grigoris Effraimidis
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Prediction Score ◽  
Predictive Score ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Endocrine Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy

Prediction models are of a great assistance for predicting the development of a disease, detecting or screening undiagnosed patients, predicting the effectiveness of a treatment and helping toward better decision-making. Recently, three predictive scores in the field of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) have been introduced: The Thyroid Hormones Event Amsterdam (THEA) score: a predictive score of the development of overt AITD, the Graves’ Events After Therapy (GREAT) score: a prediction score for the risk of recurrence after antithyroid drugs withdrawal and the Prediction Graves’ Orbitopathy (PREDIGO) score: a prediction score for the development of Graves’ orbitopathy in newly diagnosed patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism. Their construction, clinical applicability, the possible preventative measurements which can be taken to diminish the risks and the potential future developments which can improve the accuracy of the predictive scores are discussed in this review.

scholarly journals Increased Risk of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and It’s Comorbidities in Women with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2422
Author(s):  
Chun-Wei Ho ◽  
Hsin-Hung Chen ◽  
Ming-Chia Hsieh ◽  
Ching-Chu Chen ◽  
Sheng-Pang Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Artery Disease

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its comorbidities in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD). Population: In this cohort study, patients newly diagnosed as having Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) or Grave disease (GD) were recruited into the AITD group. Method: The logistic regression model was used to investigate the association between exposure, endpoint, later diseases and treatment. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed the cumulative incidence using the Kaplan–Meier method and verified the difference by the log-rank test. Results: The AITD group included 3599 GD patients and 1332 HT patients. PCOS risk in patients with AITD was higher than that in the control group (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.39; 95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.71). In patients with both AITD and PCOS, the odds ratios of diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery disease were 2.48, 2.05 and 2.63, respectively. Conclusions: The risks of PCOS and its comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiac artery disease are high in patients with AITD in Taiwan.

Increased Risk of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Hepatitis C vs Hepatitis B Before, During, and After Discontinuing Interferon Therapy

1998 ◽  
Vol 158 (13) ◽  
pp. 1445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa Fernandez-Soto ◽  
Amalia Gonzalez ◽  
Fernando Escobar-Jimenez ◽  
Rafael Vazquez ◽  
Esther Ocete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Interferon Therapy ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Thyroid Function and Human Reproductive Health

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Krassas ◽  
K. Poppe ◽  
D. Glinoer
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation ◽  
Male Reproduction ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Premature Delivery ◽  
Ovarian Hyperstimulation ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
The Impact

Via its interaction in several pathways, normal thyroid function is important to maintain normal reproduction. In both genders, changes in SHBG and sex steroids are a consistent feature associated with hyper- and hypothyroidism and were already reported many years ago. Male reproduction is adversely affected by both thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism. Erectile abnormalities have been reported. Thyrotoxicosis induces abnormalities in sperm motility, whereas hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities in sperm morphology; the latter normalize when euthyroidism is reached. In females, thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism can cause menstrual disturbances. Thyrotoxicosis is associated mainly with hypomenorrhea and polymenorrhea, whereas hypothyroidism is associated mainly with oligomenorrhea. Thyroid dysfunction has also been linked to reduced fertility. Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation leads to important increases in estradiol, which in turn may have an adverse effect on thyroid hormones and TSH. When autoimmune thyroid disease is present, the impact of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation may become more severe, depending on preexisting thyroid abnormalities. Autoimmune thyroid disease is present in 5–20% of unselected pregnant women. Isolated hypothyroxinemia has been described in approximately 2% of pregnancies, without serum TSH elevation and in the absence of thyroid autoantibodies. Overt hypothyroidism has been associated with increased rates of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery and/or low birth weight, fetal distress in labor, and perhaps gestation-induced hypertension and placental abruption. The links between such obstetrical complications and subclinical hypothyroidism are less evident. Thyrotoxicosis during pregnancy is due to Graves’ disease and gestational transient thyrotoxicosis. All antithyroid drugs cross the placenta and may potentially affect fetal thyroid function.

Low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in polycystic ovary syndrome

Endocrine ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽  
Stefano Palomba ◽  
Mario Caggiano ◽  
Domenico Tafuri ◽  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

scholarly journals Relation of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus to thyroid cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 607-616
Author(s):  
T Grimmichova ◽  
M Haluzik ◽  
K Vondra ◽  
P Matucha ◽  
M Hill
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid Disease ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Autoimmune Thyroid ◽  
Increased Risk

Objective Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) generally experience a higher incidence of cancer. However, the association between T2DM and thyroid cancer is inconclusive. Methods Case-control prospective study, where 722 patients were screened for T2DM and prediabetes (PDM) and underwent thyroid ultrasound and biochemical tests. The patients were assigned to groups of PDM (n = 55), T2DM (n = 79) or a non-diabetes group (NDM) (n = 588). Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 263 patients. Histological examinations were done for 109 patients after surgery, with findings of 52 benign (BS) and 57 malignant tumors (MS). Results Thirty-three percent of patients with T2DM and especially PDM were newly diagnosed by our screening: 6.5% with T2DM and 72% with PDM, respectively. The percentage of thyroid cancers did not significantly differ between the groups (χ2 test = 0.461; P = 0.794). Relevant positive thyroid predictors for T2DM (t-statistic = 25.87; P < 0.01) and PDM (21.69; P < 0.01) contrary to NDM (−26.9; P < 0.01) were thyroid volume (4.79; P < 0.01), thyroid nodule volume (3.25; P < 0.01) and multinodular thyroid gland (4.83; P < 0.01), while negative relevant predictors included the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (−2.01; P < 0.05). Conclusion In general, we did not observe an increased risk for thyroid cancer in the diabetic and prediabetic groups in comparison to controls, in spite of well-established increased risk for other malignancies. Structural and benign changes such as larger and multinodular thyroid glands, in comparison to autoimmune thyroid disease, are present more often in diabetics.

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