Levels of Trace Elements in Erythrocytes as Endocrine Disruptors in Obese and Nonobese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most commonly recognized endocrinopathies in women. The literature lacks clear data that allow any meaningful conclusions to be drawn about the influence of trace elements in erythrocytes on the biochemical parameters of PCOS. Materials and methods: This study was conducted among 47 women meeting the Rotterdam criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome. The research groups included women with PCOS with different BMI values (body mass index): obese women with PCOS (PCOS with BMI ≥ 30, mean BMI index 35.4 ± 4.4 kg/m2), nonobese PCOS women (PCOS with BMI < 30, mean BMI index 25.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2), and healthy control group (CG) with a mean BMI of 23.57 ± 0.9 kg/m2. The contents of trace elements in erythrocytes were determined with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Results: The only trace element showing significant differences in concentration between the studied groups was nickel (Ni). The level of nickel in the obese women with PCOS (BMI ≥ 30) was significantly higher than in nonobese women (BMI < 30). The content of other trace elements in erythrocytes did not differ significantly between the studied groups. Several significant correlations were found within each of the studied PCOS groups: in the group of obese women, the content of zinc (Zn) in erythrocytes positively correlated with prolactin, the content of magnesium (Mg) positively correlated with testosterone, and the content of manganese (Mn) negatively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone. In the group of nonobese women, Zn content correlated positively with testosterone, Ni with luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol, and Mg negatively correlated with estradiol. Conclusions: The relationship between the level of trace elements and the level of hormones suggests that, in obese women with PCOS, nickel may play a role in inhibiting the processes of folliculogenesis and ovulation. Research on trace elements and their relationship to ovulatory cycles and the development of PCOS may contribute to reducing the consequences of PCOS and, therefore, should be extended.

Treatment of Infertility in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in a Single Center Study

Background: Anovulatory infertility is caused by polycystic ovarian syndrome in 80 percent of patients. Preconception guidelines, such as lifestyle modification (weight loss) to avoid fetal neural tube abnormalities, and quitting smoking and drinking alcohol, are all part of the early treatment. A clomiphene citrate medication for timed intercourse is the first-line pharmacological treatment for producing ovulation. Exogenous gonadotropins or laparoscopic ovarian surgery are two options for second-line pharmaceutical treatment (ovarian drilling). Ovulation induction using clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins is effective, with a 70 % cumulative live birth rate. When laparoscopy is necessary, ovarian drilling should be done; this operation is usually successful in around half of the instances. Finally, when the previous interventions have failed, a high-complexity reproduction treatment (in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection) is recommended. There is no evidence that metformin should be used routinely in the treatment of infertility in anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Aromatase inhibitors show promise, but more research is needed to confirm their safety.Methods:This study was conducted in Department of gynecology and obstetrics, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, from January 2019 to December 2019. A total number of 100 patients with multiple myeloma were analyzed cytogenetically by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (iFISH). The collected data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-24) for windows version 24.0.Conclusion:PCOS is a frequent syndrome and the most frequent cause of infertility. PCOS is defined as a syndrome with at least two of three of the Rotterdam criteria. A complete evaluation of the infertility is needed to exclude other causes of infertility..

HEALTH ORIENTATION AND DISORDERED EATING ATTITUDE IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)

Reproductive medicine in the field of health psychology deals with the psychological aspects of the reproductive system and its consequences. Reproductive medicine provides an opportunity to understand the process of the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, hormonal conditions and illnesses, sexual behaviour, menopause by not merely from a biological point of view but also in light of psychological and social processes. Aline to this view, the study explored health orientation and disordered eating attitude in women diagnosed with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). The study captured the health-related behavior and attitude, which is a key component of the development of psychological distress in PCOS. It also examined the differences for the same in PCOS and Non-PCOS women. Total of eighty women, from the age group of 18-30 (young adults) were included in the study. The results highlighted, a significant difference among PCOS and Non-PCOS women on health image concern, health anxiety, health esteem and confidence, health expectations and health status. Finding also implied that there was a significant difference in disordered eating attitude of women diagnosed with PCOS and healthy women. These findings could have a significant implication for prevention, clinical practice and intervention in women with PCOS. The incorporation of medical and psychological actions to enhance their health-related quality of life may help these women.

Evaluation of hyperprolactinemia risk factors in infertile women referred to Yazd Infertility Center: A cross-sectional study

Background: Hyperprolactinemia is one of the most common causes of infertility in women. The prevalence of pituitary tumors is 25-30% among infertile participants with hyperprolactinemia. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the causes of hyperprolactinemia in infertile women referred to Yazd Infertility Center. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 182 infertile women with hyperprolactinemia who were referred to Yazd Infertility Center from February 2018 to October 2019. Serum prolactin was assessed by the human prolactin ELISA kit according to the Padtan Gostar Isar protocol. The age, duration of infertility, causes of hyperprolactinemia, and type of infertility treatment were noted. The MRI findings were added. Results: The mean age of participants was 28.9 ± 0.36 yr and the prolactin level was 76 ± 8.97 ng/ml. The etiology of hyperprolactinemia among the study participants was 35 participants (19.2%) with pituitary adenoma, 47 participants (25.8%) with polycystic ovary syndrome, 14 participants (7.7%) with pituitary adenoma and polycystic ovary syndrome, and 86 participants (47.3%) with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia. The results of this study showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the mean prolactin levels in participants with different causes of hyperprolactinemia (p = 0.31). Conclusion: Idiopathic hyperprolactinemia and polycystic ovary syndrome are the most common reasons for hyperprolactinemia. Key words: Hyperprolactinemia, Infertility, PCOS.

Diane-35 and Metformin Induce Autophagy and Apoptosis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women with Early-Stage Endometrial Carcinoma

Objective: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk ofendometrial carcinoma (EC). Previous studies indicated that the combined therapy of Diane-35 and metformin significantly suppresses disease progression in PCOS patients with early EC; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: An established murine model of PCOS with early EC, clinical specimens, and human EC cells was used in this study. The levels of protein and mRNA were measured with Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined with MTT, colony formation, and flow cytometry. Proteins were analyzed with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Results: Diane-35 and metformin significantly inhibited proliferative activity and promoted apoptosis in EC cells. Additionally, cell autophagy was induced by the combined therapy. Quantitive PCR revealed that Diane-35 and metformin decreased androgen receptor (AR) expression but elevated GLUT4 expression. AR was found to repress GLUT4 expression by binding to the promoter of GLUT4. Moreover, the combined treatment mediated the onset of cellular autophagy by regulating the mTORC pathway via the suppression of IGF-1 and inhibited the development of EC by the activation of the PI3K/mTORC pathway. Conclusion: The results and previous clinical evidence support the use of Diane-35 and metformin combination therapy for patients with PCOS and early EC.