The Water-Supply of Rural Communities

The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.

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Rural water supply in Nigeria: policy gaps and future directions

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2018.129 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 597-616 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Michael Chukwuma Obeta

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Water Supply ◽

Service Providers ◽

Secondary Data ◽

High Rate ◽

Future Directions ◽

Rural Water Supply ◽

Qualitative Approaches ◽

Rural Water ◽

Sustainable Services

Abstract The alarming state of safe water deprivation among the residents of rural communities in Nigeria is well recognized. Unfortunately, research that shows the policy gaps in the water supply sector of the country and measures to eliminate them in order to improve water supply sustainability in the country is lacking. This paper investigates the landscape of water service provision to rural communities in Nigeria using investigative and qualitative approaches due to the desire to explore the experience and opinions of previous workers/agencies in the region. Primary and secondary data were used in the study. Findings characterized the rural water supply landscape in the region. The community-based service providers are constrained by several policy gaps that negatively impact on the quality and sustainability of rural water supply in the country. Rural water interventions suffer from a high rate of failures due largely to weak institutional framework in the water supply sector. The paper recommends that for rural water supply sustainability to be improved in Nigeria all the stakeholders must work together to prioritize and address the policy gaps constraining service delivery simultaneously in the region. Working on one factor alone may not result in sustainable services.

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Critical Factors for the Success of Rural Water Supply Services in Brazil

Water ◽

10.3390/w11102180 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2180

Author(s):

Anna V. M. Machado ◽

João A. N. dos Santos ◽

Norbertho da S. Quindeler ◽

Lucas M. C. Alves

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Water Supply ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Nominal Group Technique ◽

Nominal Group ◽

Limited Attention ◽

Water Quality Control ◽

Rural Water Supply ◽

Rural Water ◽

Water Supply Services

The universalization of drinking water in rural communities poses a great challenge to developing countries, where rural areas often receive poor water service coverage and limited attention from authorities. This scenario is the current reality in Brazil. The community management model of rural water services has proven to be a noteworthy approach to ensure the continuity of water supply where private and public entities do not operate. However, its sustainability depends on several aspects. The authors of the current paper performed a thorough review of relevant publications in the rural sanitation field of study using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) methodology, which enabled the creation of a list of essential factors capable to ensure the sustainability of Rural Water Supply Services (RWSS). Using the Nominal Group Technique with a selection of participants from a national conference held in Brazil in 2015, specialists hierarchized the factors, demonstrating their perception of the most important aspects necessary in RWSS throughout Brazil. Consequently, the authors noticed the necessity of a strong enabling environment, which recognizes small communities and their local services. Water quality control, post-construction support and the existence of a financial scheme were also pointed out as important aspects to ensure RWSS’s sustainability.

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Drinking water is a significant predictor ofBlastocystisinfection among rural Malaysian primary schoolchildren

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182012000340 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 139 (8) ◽

pp. 1014-1020 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

AWATIF M. ABDULSALAM ◽

INIT ITHOI ◽

HESHAM M. AL-MEKHLAFI ◽

ABDULHAMID AHMED ◽

JOHARI SURIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Water Supply ◽

Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽

Smear Microscopy ◽

Disadvantaged Population ◽

Worldwide Distribution ◽

Asymptomatic Children ◽

Primary Schoolchildren

SUMMARYBlastocystisinfection has a worldwide distribution especially among the disadvantaged population and immunocompromised subjects. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the association ofBlastocystisinfection with the socio-economic characteristics among 300 primary schoolchildren, living in rural communities in Lipis and Raub districts of Pahang state, Malaysia. Stool samples were collected and examined for the presence ofBlastocystisusing direct smear microscopy afterin vitrocultivation in Jones' medium. The overall prevalence ofBlastocystisinfection was found to be as high as 25·7%. The prevalence was significantly higher among children with gastrointestinal symptoms as compared to asymptomatic children (x2=4·246;P=0·039). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that absence of a piped water supply (OR=3·13; 95% CI=1·78, 5·46;P<0·001) and low levels of mothers’ education (OR=3·41; 95% CI=1·62, 7·18;P<0·01) were the significant predictors ofBlastocystisinfection. In conclusion,Blastocystisis prevalent among rural children and the important factors that determine the infection were the sources of drinking water and mothers' educational level. Interventions with provision of clean water supply and health education especially to mothers are required.

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The socio-economics dynamics of Dam on Rural Communities: A case study of Oyan Dam, Nigeria

Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences ◽

10.5194/piahs-379-175-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 379 ◽

pp. 175-180

Author(s):

Amidu Ayeni ◽

Lawrence Ojifo

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Level ◽

Human Impacts ◽

Economic Impacts ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Relative Reduction ◽

Water Abstraction ◽

And Storage

Abstract. Dams construction and operations have many benefits, nevertheless, they have also led to lots of negative social, health and human impacts. It is based on this that this study assesses the potential and socio-economics dynamics of Oyan dam between 1980 and 2016. The data used for this study include water level and discharge records of the dam between 2007 and 2016, Landsat imageries of 1984 and 2016 and socio-economic datasets for the period. Analysis of the dam potentials (water supply, agriculture and hydropower) and socio-economic impacts of the dam were carried out using basic statistical tools, land use change anaysis and field survey using questionnaire, structured interview with major stakeholders and personal observation. The results revealed that the water level and storage of the Oyan dam had a relative reduction of about 2 % as well as non-stationarity pattern of water abstraction and production for the period. The landuse classes show all classes decreased in extent except the cultivated landuse that acrued an increased of 19.9 % between 1984 and 2016. Furthermore, commercial water supply varied significantly between 2010 and 2016 while irrigation scheme is grossly under-utilized from the inception in 1983 to 2016. Finally, the result of socio-economic impacts revealed that majority of the selected communities' members are actually not benefiting from the dam and their livelihoods are not from the dam.

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Implementing integrated water resources management locally in rural catchments: Lessons from eastern Sudan

10.2166/9781789061628_0099 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 99-120

Author(s):

Khaled Mokhtar ◽

St John Day

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Supply ◽

Water Resources Management ◽

Water Resource Management ◽

Rainfall Variability ◽

Water Services ◽

Resources Management ◽

National Institutions ◽

Challenging Environment

Abstract Sudan is a vulnerable and challenging environment as a result of its climate, hydrology, and hydrogeology. Other entrenched human factors, such as authoritarian rule, limited historical investment in rural water services and the gradual decline of national institutions make it particularly difficult. This has manifested itself today into low levels of water supply coverage particularly amongst rural communities. Trust between rural communities in Kassala and government institutions has also declined for those left behind in rural hinterlands. Providing sustainable and resilient water services in rural Sudan is difficult work, not least because of high rainfall variability, inadequate infrastructure and the lack of continuous external support to communities when problems arise. This paper describes efforts to strengthen links between water resources management and WASH, and the challenges faced when national institutions responsible for water resources and water supply are weak. It documents recent efforts to ensure water supply services can provide water year round and increase collaboration between rural communities and mandated government authorities. It is intended to be read by government personnel, non-governmental organisations and other staff that are directly involved in implementing integrated water resource management programmes in complex environments.

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Solar Energy and Application for Water Supply to Rural Communities

Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems ◽

10.5373/jardcs/v12i8/20202613 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 467-476

Author(s):

José Augusto Medrano Hernández ◽

Conrado Moreno Figueredo ◽

Jorge Líder Macias Ramos ◽

Jesús Alberto Pérez Rodríguez ◽

Cesar Ivan Palma Villavicencio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Water Supply

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How well is the demand-driven, community management model for rural water supply systems doing? Evidence from Bolivia, Peru and Ghana

Water Policy ◽

10.2166/wp.2009.310 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 696-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 96

Author(s):

Dale Whittington ◽

Jennifer Davis ◽

Linda Prokopy ◽

Kristin Komives ◽

Richard Thorsten ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Water Supply ◽

Spare Parts ◽

Management Model ◽

Community Management ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Rural Water Supply ◽

Rural Water ◽

Supply Systems

This paper reports the main findings of a multi-country research project designed to develop a better understanding of the performance of community-managed rural water supply systems in developing countries. Data were collected from households, village water committees, focus groups of village residents, system operators and key informants in 400 rural communities in Peru, Bolivia and Ghana. Our findings suggest that the demand-driven, community management model, coupled with access to spare parts and some technical expertise, has come a long way toward unraveling the puzzle of how best to design and implement rural water supply programs in developing countries. In all three countries, rural water supply projects were working. Among the households included in our sample in Peru and Bolivia, 95% had operational taps at the time of our field visit. In 90% of the villages in Ghana, all project handpumps were still working. Not only had the rural water systems not broken down, but almost all the households in these communities were obtaining at least some of their water from the systems. However, some households were also still using water from other sources. In Ghana, 38% of households still reported using water from unprotected sources (e.g. springs, river, open wells) for drinking and/or cooking. Another troublesome finding is that rural households in the sample villages are paying very little for the improved water services and, as a result, the finances of many village water committees are in poor shape.

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