The Post-Heroic Generation: American Independent Inventors, 1900–1950

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Hintz
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Polaroid Camera ◽  
Samuel Ruben

By World War I, the public (and later, many historians) had come to believe that teams of anonymous scientists in corporate research and development (R&D) laboratories had displaced “heroic” individual inventors like Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell as the wellspring of innovation. However, the first half of the twentieth century was actually a long transitional period when lesser known independents like Chester Carlson (Xerox copier), Earl Tupper (Tupperware), Samuel Ruben (Duracell batteries), and Edwin Land (Polaroid camera) continued to make notable contributions to the overall context of innovation. Accordingly, my dissertation considers the changing fortunes of American independent inventors from approximately 1900 to 1950, a period of expanding corporate R&D, the Great Depression, and two world wars. Contrary to most interpretations of this period, I argue that individual, “post-heroic” inventors remained an important, though less visible, source of inventions in the early twentieth century.

The Polaroid camera in physics teaching

1966 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 223-223
Author(s):  
M.L. Haselgrove
Keyword(s):  
Physics Teaching ◽  
Polaroid Camera

Modification of the Polaroid Camera Back for Radiography

Radiology ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1119
Author(s):  
John Howieson ◽  
Edward M. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Polaroid Camera

The use of Polaroid camera film in dental radiography

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Fast ◽  
William B. Manuel
Keyword(s):  
Dental Radiography ◽  
Polaroid Camera

scholarly journals Radio-Echo Sounding on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, using A Long-Wavelength, Mono-Pulse Source

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 459-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Watts ◽  
Anthony W. England ◽  
Roger S. Vickers ◽  
Mark F. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Wire Antenna ◽  
Pulse Source ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Polaroid Camera ◽  
Lumped Resistors

A short-pulse, long-wavelength radio-echo sounder has successfully measured the ice depth on the South Cascade Glacier. Depths up to 250 m were determined with resolution of about 5%. Bottom returns were clear and almost never ambiguous. Their accuracy was confirmed by comparison with hot-point drilling results. The secret for successful sounding in temperate glaciers is the use of a sufficiently low center frequency. Five megahertz was most successful. Tests at 15 MHz indicated an increase in coherent clutter which rendered the bottom return observable only with prior knowledge of its location. The cause of the clutter is probably water-filled voids in the ice which behave as Rayleigh scatterers.The sounding system consists of an avalanche-transistor transmitter, which delivers a pulse to an acute-angle crossed-wire antenna. The pulse is shaped and given its center-frequency characteristics by the resonant properties of the antenna. The transmitting and receiving antennas are identical, consisting of wires and lumped resistors. The resistors reduce antennas ringing, thereby maintaining as short a pulse as possible. The receiver consists of an oscilloscope and a Polaroid camera. No preamplification is required for depths up to 250 m, but may be necessary for deeper glaciers.

An Image Intensifier and Polaroid Camera for the Tem

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 552-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Turnbull ◽  
Ernest F. Fullam ◽  
Charles Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Electron Bombardment ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Polaroid Camera ◽  
Scientific Laboratory

Ever since the transmission electron microscope was invented and introduced into the scientific laboratory as a working tool, there have been two features desired by most microscopists which have never been completely fulfilled by the manufacturers of the instrument at reasonable cost. The first, adequate intensity at all magnifications and sufficient illumination of the screen when viewing heat-sensitive specimens. A second most desired feature is instant photography of what is being observed on the fluorescent screen. These two desired features are now available by adapting on the shelf devices to the TEM.The first device is for intensifying the image normally viewed on the fluorescent screen for critical focusing, contrast enhancement for specimen scanning without burning up the sample by excessive electron bombardment or by increasing specimen contamination. A second device is a method of simple outside the column photography without image grain or distortion and without alteration to the normal operation of the electron microscope.

scholarly journals Radio-Echo Sounding on South Cascade Glacier, Washington, using A Long-Wavelength, Mono-Pulse Source

1975 ◽  
Vol 15 (73) ◽  
pp. 459-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Watts ◽  
Anthony W. England ◽  
Roger S. Vickers ◽  
Mark F. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Center Frequency ◽  
Wire Antenna ◽  
Pulse Source ◽  
Long Wavelength ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Polaroid Camera ◽  
Lumped Resistors

A short-pulse, long-wavelength radio-echo sounder has successfully measured the ice depth on the South Cascade Glacier. Depths up to 250 m were determined with resolution of about 5%. Bottom returns were clear and almost never ambiguous. Their accuracy was confirmed by comparison with hot-point drilling results. The secret for successful sounding in temperate glaciers is the use of a sufficiently low center frequency. Five megahertz was most successful. Tests at 15 MHz indicated an increase in coherent clutter which rendered the bottom return observable only with prior knowledge of its location. The cause of the clutter is probably water-filled voids in the ice which behave as Rayleigh scatterers.The sounding system consists of an avalanche-transistor transmitter, which delivers a pulse to an acute-angle crossed-wire antenna. The pulse is shaped and given its center-frequency characteristics by the resonant properties of the antenna. The transmitting and receiving antennas are identical, consisting of wires and lumped resistors. The resistors reduce antennas ringing, thereby maintaining as short a pulse as possible. The receiver consists of an oscilloscope and a Polaroid camera. No preamplification is required for depths up to 250 m, but may be necessary for deeper glaciers.

A New Camera for Cosmetic Surgery

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-164
Author(s):  
Melvin A. Shiffman
Keyword(s):  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Multiple Exposures ◽  
Polaroid Camera

Introduction: The use of a camera is essential in cosmetic surgery to record results using preoperative and postoperative photographs. The Polaroid Macro 5 SLR is a new camera for close-up photographs. The camera was examined to evaluate the ease of its use and the quality of the close-up photos. Materials and Methods: Photographs were reproduced at the settings available; these settings are: 0.2× (20%), 0.4× (40%), 1× (100%), 2× (200%), and 3× (300%). Multiple exposures were utilized in six patients to show a variety of problems such as skin lesions, facial abnormalities, and ryhtids. Results: The instant photos were of high quality with accurate reproduction of the abnormalities. The camera was easy to load, focus, and use. Discussion: The Polaroid camera takes exposures with almost instant reproduction of the abnormality. There is no need to wait for the results or to send the film out for processing. Since the Macro 5 SLR is only for close-up photographs, the camera is limited to subjects only as large as the head. Another camera is necessary for exposures requiring larger portions of the body. The close-up photography does not require lens changes but has a convenient rotating magnification selector knob. This easy-to-use camera is an excellent addition to the needs of the cosmetic surgeon who requires photos of small areas.

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