Analysis of a coronal mass ejection and corotating interaction region as they travel from the Sun passing Venus, Earth, Mars, and Saturn

The Carrington event in 1859, a solar flare with an associated geomagnetic storm, has served as a prototype of possible superflare occurrence on the Sun. Recent geophysical (14C signatures in tree rings) and precise time-series photometry [the bolometric total solar irradiance (TSI) for the Sun, and the broadband photometry from Kepler and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, for the stars] have broadened our perspective on extreme events and the threats that they pose for Earth and for Earth-like exoplanets. This review assesses the mutual solar and/or stellar lessons learned and the status of our theoretical understanding of the new data, both stellar and solar, as they relate to the physics of the Carrington event. The discussion includes the event's implied coronal mass ejection, its potential “solar cosmic ray” production, and the observed geomagnetic disturbances based on the multimessenger information already available in that era. Taking the Carrington event as an exemplar of the most extreme solar event, and in the context of our rich modern knowledge of solar flare and/or coronal mass ejection events, we discuss the aspects of these processes that might be relevant to activity on solar-type stars, and in particular their superflares. ▪ The Carrington flare of 1859, though powerful, did not significantly exceed the magnitudes of the greatest events observed in the modern era. ▪ Stellar “superflare” events on solar-type stars may share common paradigms, and also suggest the possibility of a more extreme solar event at some time in the future. ▪ We benefit from comparing the better-known microphysics of solar flares and CMEs with the diversity of related stellar phenomena. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 59 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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A Study of the Observational Properties of Coronal Mass Ejection Flux Ropes near the Sun

The Astrophysical Journal ◽

10.3847/1538-4357/ab620f ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 889 (2) ◽

pp. 104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

G. Sindhuja ◽

N. Gopalswamy

Keyword(s):

Coronal Mass Ejection ◽

The Sun ◽

Flux Ropes ◽

Mass Ejection

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Relationships Between Sequential Chromospheric Brightening and the Corona

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921317004033 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (S327) ◽

pp. 117-127

Author(s):

M. S. Kirk ◽

K. S. Balasubramaniam ◽

J. Jackiewicz ◽

H. R. Gilbert

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Flux ◽

Coronal Mass Ejection ◽

Fast Moving ◽

Atmospheric Environment ◽

The Sun ◽

Flux Emergence ◽

Complex Region ◽

Magnetic Features ◽

Mass Ejection ◽

Early Indication

AbstractThe chromosphere is a complex region that acts as an intermediary between the magnetic flux emergence in the photosphere and the magnetic features seen in the corona. Large eruptions in the chromosphere of flares and filaments are often accompanied by ejections of coronal mass off the sun. Several studies have observed fast-moving progressive trains of compact bright points (called Sequential Chromospheric Brightenings or SCBs) streaming away from chromospheric flares that also produce a coronal mass ejection (CME). In this work, we review studies of SCBs and search for commonalties between them. We place these findings into a larger context with contemporary chromospheric and coronal observations. SCBs are fleeting indicators of the solar atmospheric environment as it existed before their associated eruption. Since they appear at the very outset of a flare eruption, SCBs are good early indication of a CME measured in the chromosphere.

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Numerical Simulation on the Propagation and Deflection of Fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) Interacting with a Corotating Interaction Region in Interplanetary Space

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-1815 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Fang Shen ◽

Yousheng Liu ◽

Yi Yang

Keyword(s):

Solar Wind ◽

Coronal Mass Ejections ◽

Interplanetary Space ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Flux Rope ◽

Interaction Region ◽

The Sun ◽

Corotating Interaction Region ◽

The Common ◽

Wind Flows

Previous research has shown that the deflection of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in interplanetary space, especially fast CMEs, is a common phenomenon. The deflection caused by the interaction with background solar wind is an important factor to determine whether CMEs could hit Earth or not. As the Sun rotates, there will be interactions between solar wind flows with different speeds. When faster solar wind runs into slower solar wind ahead, it will form a compressive area corotating with the Sun, which is called a corotating interaction region (CIR). These compression regions always have a higher density than the common background solar wind. When interacting with CME, will this make a difference in the deflection process of CME? In this research, first, a three-dimensional (3D) flux-rope CME initialization model is established based on the graduated cylindrical shell (GCS) model. Then this CME model is introduced into the background solar wind, which is obtained using a 3D IN (INterplanetary) -TVD-MHD model. The Carrington Rotation (CR) 2154 is selected as an example to simulate the propagation and deflection of fast CME when it interacts with background solar wind, especially with the CIR structure.The simulation results show that: (1) the fast CME will deflect eastward when it propagates into the background solar wind without the CIR; (2) when the fast CME hits the CIR on its west side, it will also deflect eastward, and the deflection angle will increase compared with the situation without CIR.

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Nanodust dynamics during a coronal mass ejection

Annales Geophysicae ◽

10.5194/angeo-35-1033-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (5) ◽

pp. 1033-1049 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Andrzej Czechowski ◽

Jens Kleimann

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Coronal Mass Ejection ◽

Equations Of Motion ◽

Dust Cloud ◽

Field Configuration ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Computational Domain ◽

The Sun ◽

Keplerian Orbits ◽

Mass Ejection

Abstract. The dynamics of nanometer-sized grains (nanodust) is strongly affected by electromagnetic forces. High-velocity nanodust was proposed as an explanation for the voltage bursts observed by STEREO. A study of nanodust dynamics based on a simple time-stationary model has shown that in the vicinity of the Sun the nanodust is trapped or, outside the trapped region, accelerated to high velocities. We investigate the nanodust dynamics for a time-dependent solar wind and magnetic field configuration in order to find out what happens to nanodust during a coronal mass ejection (CME). The plasma flow and the magnetic field during a CME are obtained by numerical simulations using a 3-D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code. The equations of motion for the nanodust particles are solved numerically, assuming that the particles are produced from larger bodies moving in near-circular Keplerian orbits within the circumsolar dust cloud. The charge-to-mass ratios for the nanodust particles are taken to be constant in time. The simulation is restricted to the region within 0.14 AU from the Sun. We find that about 35 % of nanodust particles escape from the computational domain during the CME, reaching very high speeds (up to 1000 km s−1). After the end of the CME the escape continues, but the particle velocities do not exceed 300 km s−1. About 30 % of all particles are trapped in bound non-Keplerian orbits with time-dependent perihelium and aphelium distances. Trapped particles are affected by plasma ion drag, which causes contraction of their orbits.

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Strength of Coronal Mass Ejection‐driven Shocks near the Sun and Their Importance in Predicting Solar Energetic Particle Events

The Astrophysical Journal ◽

10.1086/521716 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 670 (1) ◽

pp. 849-856 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Chenglong Shen ◽

Yuming Wang ◽

Pinzhong Ye ◽

X. P. Zhao ◽

Bin Gui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Coronal Mass Ejection ◽

Energetic Particle ◽

Solar Energetic Particle ◽

The Sun ◽

Solar Energetic Particle Events ◽

Mass Ejection

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High-latitude ionospheric response to co-rotating interaction region- and coronal mass ejection-driven geomagnetic storms revealed by GPS tomography and ionosondes

Proceedings of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspa.2010.0080 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 466 (2123) ◽

pp. 3391-3408 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. Pokhotelov ◽

P. T. Jayachandran ◽

C. N. Mitchell ◽

M. H. Denton

Keyword(s):

Solar Wind ◽

Coronal Mass Ejection ◽

Plasma Density ◽

Large Scale ◽

Geomagnetic Storms ◽

Interaction Region ◽

Electron Content ◽

Polar Cap ◽

Total Electron ◽

Mass Ejection

Positive ionospheric anomalies induced in the polar cap region by co-rotating interaction region (CIR)- and coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven geomagnetic storms are analysed using four-dimensional tomographic reconstructions of the ionospheric plasma density based on measurements of the total electron content along ray paths of GPS signals. The results of GPS tomography are compared with ground-based observations of F region plasma density by digital ionosondes located in the Canadian Arctic. It is demonstrated that CIR- and CME-driven storms can produce large-scale polar cap anomalies of similar morphology in the form of the tongue of ionization (TOI) that appears on the poleward edge of the mid-latitude dayside storm-enhanced densities in positive ionospheric storms. The CIR-driven event of 14–16 October 2002 was able to produce ionospheric anomalies (TOI) comparable to those produced by the CME-driven storms of greater Dst magnitude. From the comparison of tomographic reconstructions and ionosonde data with solar wind measurements, it appears that the formation of large-scale polar cap anomalies is controlled by the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with the TOI forming during the periods of extended southward IMF under conditions of high solar wind velocity.

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