The remediation of soil contaminated with petrochemicals using conventional methods is very difficult because of the complex emulsions formed by solids, oil, and water. Electrokinetic remediation has of recent shown promising potential in the removal of organics from contaminated media as calls for further improvement of the technology are still made. This work investigated the performance of electrokinetic remediation of soil contaminated with petrochemicals by applying fixed electrode configurations and continuous approaching electrode configurations. This was done in combination with bioremediation by inoculating hydrocarbon degrading bacteria and biosurfactants with the aim of obtaining an improved method of remediation. The results obtained show that the biosurfactant produced by the hydrocarbon degrading bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa was able to enhance oil extraction to 74.72 ± 2.87%, 57.375 ± 3.75%, and 46.2 ± 4.39% for 185 mm fixed electrodes, 335-260-185 mm continuous approaching electrodes, and 335 mm fixed electrode configurations, respectively. By maintaining high current flow, the 335-260-185 mm continuous approaching electrodes configuration enhanced electroosmotic flow (EOF) on every event of electrodes movement. The fixed electrode configuration of 185 mm provided amiable pH conditions for bacterial growth by allowing quick neutrality of the pH due to high EOF as compared to the 335 mm fixed electrodes configuration. After 240 h, the carbon content in the soil was reduced from 0.428 ± 0.11 mg of carbon/mg of the soil to 0.103 ± 0.005, 0.11355 ± 0.0006, and 0.1309 ± 0.004 for 185 mm, 335-260-185 mm, and 335 mm, respectively. The application of biosurfactants and continuous approaching electrodes reduced the energy expenditure of electrokinetic remediation by enhancing the decontamination process with respect to time.
Electrokinetic remediation of soil polluted with insoluble organics using biological permeable reactive barriers: Effect of periodic polarity reversal and voltage gradient
