Introduction to material & energy balances, by G. V. Reklaitis(with contributions by Daniel R. Schneider), John Wiley & Sons, 1983, 683 pages,$33.95

The coastal strip of the northwestern Caspian is characterized by hydromorphism and salinization processes which depending on the Caspian piled-up water, groundwater salinity, seawater, and salt composition of the underlying rocks. The migrational salts capability in deltoic ecosystem components in dynamic over the main representatives of pasture plants occurring in the Western Caspian and playing an important role in developing the theoretical foundations of a system of measures to increase the productivity of cover crop have studied. Salts migration from soil layers into plants which taking place in synthesis of material-energy and material resource of environment is one of the chains of bio-substrat links. The research results confirm the data that the ash elements stock in the ephemeral-absinthial group varies from 21.5 to 64.5 kg per 1 ha. The organogens prevail in them – 944 kg / ha, K is dominant, then Ca and Mg. The amount of halogens is 7.05 kg / ha, of which Cl portion includes 3.31 and Na – 2.80 kg / ha. In the ephemeral-absinthial group cenoses rather high values of aboveground phytomass are up to 50 centners / ha and the supply of ash elements (halogens 32.14 and organogens 36.18 mg-eq) is much higher compared to their content in soil (7.05 and 6, 31 mg-eq). In roots difference in quantity of organogens and halogens is insignificant – 2.03 and 2.04 mg-eq. We associate such differences with a greater proportion of absinthial in the aboveground phytomass composition

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Fiber energy efficiency Part I: Extended entropy model

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-2014-29-02-p322-331 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 322-331 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anders Karlström ◽

Karin Eriksson

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Temperature Profile ◽

Dynamic Models ◽

Fluid Dynamic ◽

Multiscale Model ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Entropy Model ◽

Refining Zone ◽

Energy Balances ◽

Flat Zone

Abstract This is the first in a series of papers presenting the development of a comprehensive multiscale model with focus on fiber energy efficiency in thermo mechanical pulp processes. The fiber energy efficiency is related to the defibration and fibrillation work obtained when fibers and fiber bundles interact with the refining bars. The fiber energy efficiency differs from the total refining energy efficiency which includes the thermodynamical work as well. Extracting defibration and fibrillation work along the radius in the refining zone gives information valuable for fiber development studies.Models for this process must handle physical variables as well as machine specific parameters at different scales. To span the material and energy balances, spatial measurements from the refining zone must be available. In this paper, measurements of temperature profile and plate gaps from a full-scale CD-refiner are considered as model inputs together with a number of process variables. This enables the distributed consistency in the refining zone as well as the split of the total work between the flat zone and the CD-zone to be derived. As the temperature profile and the plate gap are available in the flat zone and the CD-zone at different process conditions it is also shown that the distributed pulp dynamic viscosity can be obtained. This is normally unknown in refining processes but certainly useful for all fluid dynamic models describing the bar-to-fiber interactions. Finally, it is shown that the inclusion of the machine parameters will be vital to get good estimates of the refining conditions and especially the split between the thermodynamical work and the defibration/fibrillation work.

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Innovative energy and mass balance of a continuous evaporating crystallizer

Sugar Industry ◽

10.36961/si23794 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 646-654

Author(s):

Jan Iciek ◽

Kornel Hulak ◽

Radosław Gruska

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Mass Balance ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Crystallization Process ◽

Heat Losses ◽

Inert Gas ◽

Gas Removal ◽

Energy Balances ◽

Heat Released ◽

Mass And Energy Balances

The article presents the mass and energy balances of the sucrose crystallization process in a continuous evaporating crystallizer. The developed algorithm allows to assess the working conditions of the continuous evaporating crystallizers and the technological and energy parameters. The energy balance algorithm takes into account the heat released during the crystallization of sucrose, which was analyzed in this study, heat losses to the environment and heat losses due the vapor used for inert gas removal.

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