GEOGRAPHICAL PRINCIPLES OF DISTRIBUTION OF INVASIVE FLORA OF RAILWAYS IN KIROVOHRAD REGION

Development of transport capable to overcome distances of the planetary level, was caused to more intensive, than early, expansion allied, especially invasive, species of plants that become concurrent for aboriginal flora. Phytoinvasions are one of the most important geoecological problems of our time, as they disrupt the species composition and structure of natural phytocenoses, ultimately leading to the impoverishment of the plant component of landscapes and the reduction of biodiversity. One of leading factors in the spread of adventitious and, in particular, invasive species is rail transport, as a result of which seeds and organs of plants capable of taking root and gradually displacing the aboriginal flora get in the way. Although among the invasive flora of Kirovohrad region there are representatives of different systematic groups and life forms of plants, still clearly dominated by angiosperms and - at the same time - herbaceous plants. Main peculiarities of the space differentiation are described by the examples of railway stations of Holovanivsk and Znamianka situated consequently in the West and the East of the Kirovohrad region. The most common representative of the invasive flora of the railways of the studied region is ragweed, also widespread grindelia spread (in the west of the Kirovograd region) and sweet silique (in the east of the region). Of the families of flowering plants, the most widely represented are Aster (Compositae), a significant place is occupied by Cabbage (Cruciferous), Thin-legged (Cereals), Legumes and others. Factors contributing to the naturalization of invasive species and their rapid displacement of aboriginal flora are various. The main ones are eurybiont, unpretentious to the conditions of the habitat, the significant size of the aboveground phytomass. The internal diversity in the invasive flora of the region's railways is mainly due to the influence of the factor of the sectoral nature of natural conditions within the territory rather elongated from west to east. Therefore, in the presence of clear common features characterizing the invasive flora of the region, the differences associated with predominance of moisture-loving plants in the western part of the region and drought-resistant plants in the eastern part are noticeable. The practical use of the study results is associated with the possibility of improving the system of measures to combat phytoinvasions, taking into account the geographical features of the spatial distribution of individual species. Results of the investigation may be used during realizing tasks of ecologization of land using, especially defining priorities in the struggle with invasive species of the plants of railways. Discovered internal differentiation in expansion different allied species in Kirovohrad region gives a ground for defining the most important factors of distortion natural biodiversity in its different parts. Studying space peculiarities of expansion allied flora has a significance for create concrete actions directed to renewing initial space composition of phytocenosis and landscapes distorted by invasions. Key words: invasive flora, railway tracks, Kirovohrad region, adventitia, ragweed, grindelia spread, itching eastern.

Seasonal development of aboveground phytomass of evergreen introduced plants on the Southern Coast of the Crimea

For the Southern Coast of Crimea, the problem of park communities’ productivity, due to the high recreational load on the environment and climate change, is of particular relevance. The aim of the research was to study the features of the introduced park communities evergreen aboveground phytomass formation and seasonal growth in the conditions of the Southern coast of the Crimea. A comparative assessment of vegetative shoots seasonal growth features of plants Laurus nobilis L., Prunus laurocerasus L., Viburnum tinus L., Aucuba japonica Thunb and Nerium oleander L. was performed. It was found that the time of renewal of shoot growth in spring after winter dormancy in V. tinus and A. japonica began at 459-462 °C, P. laurocerasus - 649 °C, and L. nobilis - 886 °C and N. oleander - 990 °C amounts of active air temperatures above 5 °C. The largest growth (49.3 cm) and the accumulation of leaf phytomass (42.3 cm3) differ in annual shoots of N. oleander. P. laurocerasus has a great potential with a phytomass volume an annual shoot of 24.5 cm3. The increase of shoots phytomass in V. tinus, A. japonica, and L. nobilis is 7-8 times less than that in N. oleander.

INDICATORS OF CHEMODESTRUCTIVE FRACTIONATION OF ORGANIC MATTER SOILS OF NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC-TRANSFORMED LANDSCAPES OF THE SOUTH OF PRIMORYE

The differences in the qualitative composition of organic matter in the soils of natural and anthropogenically transformed landscapes in the south of Primorye were established by the method of chemodestructive fractionation (CDF). The lowest indices of the easily oxidizable part (EOP) in the organic matter are typical for soils of technogenic landscapes (embryozems) with very low humus content due to low reserves of aboveground phytomass and the supply of fresh organic matter of plant origin. Embryozems are characterized by a low supply of humus with nitrogen. Higher EOP values are characteristic of soils of natural landscapes (burozems) with average humus content. In burozems, oxidative and eluvial processes are balanced by humus formation. In the soils of agrogenic landscapes (agro-dark-humus podbeles, agro-dark-humus gley soils) with low humus content, the proportion of EOP decreased and, at the same time, the proportion of the hardly oxidized part in the composition of soil organic matter increased. Some increase in EOP was recorded in agro-dark-humus gley soils with rump crops, which is associated with the intensification of the transformation processes of organic matter and the transition of organic matter from the difficult-to-oxidize to the easily oxidized part. Based on the data obtained on the qualitative composition of organic matter, the CDF method implies that in the soils of natural landscapes (burozems), the proportion of EOP exceeded that in comparison with soils of agrogenic (agro-dark-humus podbely, agro-dark-humus gley) and technogenic landscapes (em-briozems). This indicates differences in the conditions of soil formation and the ongoing oxidative and humus-forming processes.

PRODUCTIVITY OF THE NATURAL STEPPE PASTURES IN THE HEREFORDS GRAZING AREAS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TYVA

Представлены результаты исследования травостоя степных пастбищ на местах выпаса породы герефордов в условиях Республики Тыва. Выявлен видовой состав трех растительных сообществ, определены продуктивность их надземной фитомассы, распределение растений по экологическим группам, и проанализирован спектр жизненных форм. Рассчитан коэффициент закустаренности и поедаемости на изучаемых пастбищах. Наибольшее значение коэффициента закустаренности на злаково-разнотравно-кустарниковом участке (№ 2) — 0,51; ковыльно-стоповидно-осоково-кустарниковом (№ 3) — 0,19; наименьшее — на разнотравно-стоповидно-осоковом с караганой карликовой (№ 1) — 0,08. Выявлено, что на всех участках травостой представлен травянистыми многолетниками, кустарниками и полукустарниками. Типичные ксерофиты (эуксерофиты), наиболее характерные для настоящих степей, составляют основу данных растительных сообществ. Доля ксерофитов, к которым относятся тонконог тонкий (Koeleria cristata), ковыль. (Stipa pennata), мятлик (Poa attenuate), типчак (Festuca valesiaca), осока твердоватая (Carex duriuscula), лапчатка бесстебельная (Potentilla acaulis) и вильчатая (Р. bifurca) карагана карликовая (Caragana pygmaea), полынь холодная (Artemisia frigidа), колеблется от 45,45% до 65%. Ксеромезофиты встречаются на всех трех площадках, доля их колеблется от 9,09% до 22,22%. Продуктивность надземной фитомассы на участках № 1 составила 6,88 ц/га, № 2 — 6,26 ц/га, № 3 — 6,15 ц/га. Масса подстилки — относительно высокая на всех участках, так как учет продуктивности проведен в начале июня, когда только заканчивается переход ветоши в подстилку. Основу травостоя составляют хорошо поедаемые злаки, осоки и полукустарники. В настоящее время состояние пастбищ вполне удовлетворительное, несмотря на невысокое видовое разнообразие. The results of the study of the steppe pastures grass stand in the Hereford breed grazing areas in the conditions of the Republic of Tyva are presented. The species composition of three plant communities was revealed, the productivity of their aboveground phytomass was determined, the distribution of plants by ecological groups and the spectrum of life forms was analyzed. The coefficient of overgrowth and palatability on the studied pastures is calculated. The highest value of the coefficient of overgrowth on the gramineous-forb-shrubby plot (No. 2) is 0.51; needlegrass-pediform-sedgy-shrubby plot (No. 3) is 0.19; the lowest is on the forb-pediform-sedgy plot with pygmy pea shrub (No. 1) is 0.08. It was revealed that in all plots the grass stand crop is represented with herbaceous plurannuals, shrubs and subshrubs. Typical xerophytes (euxerophytes), the most typical for these steppes, form the basis of these plant communities. The proportion of xerophytes, which include thin June grass (Koeleria cristata), needlegrass (Stipa pennata), bluegrass (Poa attenuate), sheep fescue (Festuca valesiaca), hard sedge (Carex duriuscula), acauline cinquefoil (Potentilla acaulis) and forcipate (R. bifurca), pygmy pea shrub (Caragana pygmaea), pasture sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), ranges from 45.45 to 65%. Xeromesophytes are found at all three plots, their share ranges from 9.09 to 22.22%. The productivity of aboveground phytomass in plots No. 1 was 6.88 c/ha, No. 2 — 6.26 c/ha, No. 3 — 6.15 c/ha. The mass of the bedding is relatively high in all plots, since the productivity was taken into account at the beginning of June, when the transition of rags to the bedding is just finishing. The basis of the grass stand is well-eaten cereals, sedges and subshrubs. Currently, the condition of the pastures is quite satisfactory, despite the low species diversity.

Tuning Potassium and Magnesium Fertilization of Potato in the South of West Siberia

Imbalance of nutrients limits crop yields. Although K fertilization receives sufficient attention in research and practice, Mg supply is rather neglected. The effect of Mg fertilization (0, 5 and 10 g Mg/m2), combined with two K fertilization rates (10 and 15 g K/m2), on potato production and soil exchangeable K and Mg was studied in a three-season microplot field experiment in the Novosibirsk region, Russia. Tuber yield did not respond to the increased K fertilization, but increased at 5 and decreased at 10 g Mg/m2. Total Mg concentration in tubers increased at 15 g K/m2, whereas N, P and K were not affected by fertilization. The tuber yield was maximal (3.6 kg/m2) at 10 g K/m2 and 5 g Mg/m2. Soil exchangeable Mg increased by the year, resulting in preferential development of the aboveground phytomass due to apparently increased Mg availability and K/Mg imbalance. Potato production depended on the year, strongly implicating weather conditions. Therefore, the weather and the chemical nature of K and Mg fertilizers (as pertinent to their release mode from fertilizer in soil), are important for balancing their proportions and amounts while assessing interactions among nutrients in potato production and adjusting regional fertilization strategies.

Growth, development, morphology and biochemical characteristics of Solidago canadensis L. plants when introduced in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic

The paper presents the results of a long-term study of four samples of Canadian goldenrod ( Solidago canadensis L.) of different geographic origin introduced in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic. Under cultural conditions, the species is highly resistant and longevity (up to 18 years). It has been established that with the introduction in the North, reproduction of the Canadian goldenrod is possible by vegetative means, as well as from seeds of foreign origin. The mass transition of plants grown by seedlings to the generative period occurs in the third year of life. According to the flowering rhythm (July 31 - September 25), the species is classified as a mid-summer-mid-autumn plant. Fruiting of plants is interrupted by frost, full-fledged seeds are not formed. The morphological features of the generative shoot have been studied. The plant height in culture reaches 143-155 cm. The number of leaves on the stem is 63-101. The floral part of the shoot (inflorescence) 30-39 cm long is formed from the axils of 41-49 leaves and consists of 21-41 paracladia 8-13 cm long. The number of baskets on one shoot in different specimens of Canadian goldenrod varies from 2700 to 4200. The content of nitrogen mass fraction (1,8-3,0%) in the aboveground raw phytomass of Canadian goldenrod has been studied for the first time and the quantitative and qualitative composition of amino acids in plant proteins has been determined. The total content of amino acids in the plant raw material of Canadian goldenrod has varied from 7,9 to 15,1% over the years. In the aboveground phytomass of plants, 17 amino acids have been found and determined, including 7 irreplaceable ones. The share of essential amino acids has averaged 37% of the total. The highest rates of equity participation have been noted for the following amino acids: proline, glutamic, aspartic, lysine, leucine, valine, alanine, arginine and glycine - 13,2; 11,0; 10,8; 8,4; 8,0; 5,9; 5,8; 5,7 and 5,2%, respectively. In the conditions of the North, biochemical studies of this species have been carried out for the first time. The content of flavonols in the aboveground raw phytomass of Canadian goldenrod have been 4,5-5,7% and met the requirements for medicinal raw materials (more than 3%). The yield of essential oil and its component composition have been determined. The EO content in the aboveground phytomass of plants has varied from 0,85 to 1,7% in terms of absolutely dry raw material. In the composition of EM, 39 components have been reliably identified, nine of which have been attributed to the main ones. The dominant compounds are: -pinene (up to 43,9%), myrcene (up to 18,2%), limonene (up to 13,2%), -3-carene (up to 12,0%); from sesquiterpenoids: germacrene D (up to 54,3%), bornyl acetate (up to 5,8%), geranyl acetate (up to 2,4%), cadinadiene (up to 2,0%), sesqui-fellandrene (up to 1,4%).

Comparative analysis of Scots pine homogeneous stands bioenergetic productivity in European North

The bioenergetic productivity of artificial pine stands is considered. It was found that in 30-year-old artificial pine coenoses, the lowest amount of energy associated with the tree layer is observed in the lichen type of growing conditions (443,1 GJ/ha), the highest — in the blueberry (1915,1 GJ/ha). Bioenergetic productivity occupies an intermediate position (1210,7 GJ/ha) in the cranberry-type forest culture phytocenoses. It is shown that the accumulated energy reaches the highest relative value in such a component of aboveground phytomass as trunk wood. For this fraction, the variation is observed from 50.2% in the lichen type of growing conditions to 65.8% in the blueberry type, based on the total stock of phytomass of forest crops. It is established that the secondary position relative to this indicator is occupied by woody greens. The share of the energy productivity of needles in the total aboveground phytomass decreases with the improvement of forest growing conditions. An approximately equal ratio of energy deposition in the studied types of artificial pine forests by the fractions of bark and live branches (7,2...11,7%) was determined, and the smallest share of accumulated energy falls on the fraction of dry branches (5,3...7,0 %).

Tree stand mortality in nationally important park-monument of landscape art Feofaniya

Tree stand mortality in urban ecosystems indicates the influence level of biotic and abiotic factors primarily on their life state. The significance of these processes lies in the knowledge of the forest stands patterns development and their use for forecasting and assessing ecosystem services. The territories of the nature reserve fund have been taken as research sites, as significant indicators of anthropogenically altered territories. The structure of biomass and forest stands species composition was found to be associated with the growth and development of living trees and the formation of dead trees. Biotic and abiotic factors, intraspecific competition and peculiarities of local formation condition and stands growth are determined to affect the life state of the main forest-forming species directly and indirectly. It was revealed that in the medieval oak plantation, the loss of trees during the research period (2016-2020) prevailed over the increase in the stand ground phytomass. It was found that the carbon deposited amount in the forest stands aboveground phytomass reflects the unusual dynamics for the overwhelming number of territory indicators. The litter formation caused the changes in the deposited carbon structure of the research stands phytomass by tree species. It also led to an increase in the deadwood carbon pool and the onset of carbon emissions from the detritus decomposition.