Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst

The silica extraction from palm oil mill fly ash (POMFA) using sodium hydroxide as one of viable processes for obtaining silica from agricultural waste was investigated. The effects of extraction time and temperature were closely examined to study the kinetics of the process. The fixed variables used in the present work were mass of POMFA 468.2 gram; the POMFA mass to NaOH volume ratio 0.2341 g/cm3; the concentration of NaOH 1.4 N and the stirring speed of 1065 RPM. The levels of temperature employed were 348 K, 358 K, 368 K and 378 K for different time durations up to 60 min. The mechanical fragmentation process was applied to obtain precipitated silica from the extracted silica. The precipitation conditions were: stirring speed of 1160 RPM, pH of 8.75, temperature of 303 K and precipitation time of 100 min. The shrinking core model (SCM) with intra-particle diffusion controlled mechanism and the Jander equation can satisfactorily represent the extraction process. The activation energy for silica extraction was 58.20 kJ/mol for the SCM with intra-particle diffusion and 62.22 kJ/mol for the Jander equation respectively. The precipitated silica agglomerate obtained at the time of 100 min has the median-weighed volume particle size distribution of 114.07 μm. The chemical composition and physical characteristic of precipitated silica which were analyzed with LPSA, XRF, XRD, FTIR and SEM are similar to the precipitated silica from the references.

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Composite Catalyst of Palm Mill Fly Ash-Supported Calcium Oxide Obtained from Eggshells for Transesterification of Off-Grade Palm Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10070724 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 724

Author(s):

Zuchra Helwani ◽

Muliadi Ramli ◽

Edy Saputra ◽

Yogi Lesmana Putra ◽

Desly Fadila Simbolon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Calcium Oxide ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Catalytic Performance ◽

Composite Catalyst ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Preparation Conditions ◽

Prospective Application ◽

Oil Fly Ash ◽

Dehydration Processes

This research was designed to synthesize a composite catalyst of palm oil fly ash-impregnated calcium oxide prepared from eggshell waste. Several preparation conditions, such as temperature and time applied to calcination and dehydration processes, were investigated. As a result, the optimum temperature and the length of time of calcination were 900 °C and 3 h, respectively. Meanwhile, the dehydration process was performed optimally at 600 °C for 3 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the obtained catalyst mostly contained calcium oxide compounds (CaO and Ca(OH)2) and minor impurities of silica oxides (SiO2 and Ca2SiO4), with a catalyst-specific surface area of 30.24 m2/g. Regarding its catalytic performance, the composite catalyst proved successful for prospective application the in transesterification of palm oil off-grade, resulting in methyl palmitate and methyl oleate, which are two biodiesel compounds.

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PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PRECIPITATED SILICA FROM PALM OIL MILL FLY ASH USING CO2 IMPREGNATION AND MECHANICAL FRAGMENTATION

Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.1590/0104-6632.20190361s20170458 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 523-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Panca S. Utama ◽

Ram Yamsaengsung ◽

Chayanoot Sangwichien

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Precipitated Silica ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Mechanical Fragmentation

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Particulate Emission from Biomass Fuel Combustion

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.322 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1125 ◽

pp. 322-326

Author(s):

J. Nor Ruwaida ◽

M. Rashid ◽

M.M. Syahirah

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Oil Industry ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Particulate Emission ◽

Fuel Feed ◽

The World ◽

Cogeneration System ◽

Palm Oil Mill ◽

Palm Fibre

The remarkable growth of palm oil industry in Malaysia is undeniable. Approximately, one million ton of crude palm oil is produced by the industry in a month, thus put Malaysia as one of the largest producer in the world. Most of the mills are operated on cogeneration system, where the biomass residue of palm fibre and shell are used as fuel in the mill boilers mostly to generate steam and also electricity. This practise however produced considerable amount of particulates in terms of fly ash emitting to the environment. Thus, this study is to evaluate the particulate emission from five palm oil mill boilers with steam capacity ranging from 17-35 tonne/h. The results showed that the average particulate emission concentration exiting the stack was 2.21±1.20 g/Nm3 (corrected to 7% oxygen concentration), ranging from 0.42 to 3.77 g/Nm3. The study suggests that the fuel feed rates of fiber and shell was one of the parameters affecting the emission concentration in the boiler. Particulate morphology were also being presented in this study.

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