Country-scale mapping of individual forest and non-forest trees and shrubs in Africa - the example of Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Mugabowindekwe ◽  
Martin Brandt ◽  
Rasmus Fensholt
Keyword(s):  
Forest Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Cacao, Shade, and Agroforestry

2021 ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Dale Walters
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Shade Trees ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
And Function ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

In its natural habitat, cacao grows in the shade of larger trees. In fact, 70 percent of the world’s cacao is grown with some level of shade. This comes mostly from native forest trees, thinned out to provide space for cacao seedlings to be planted, or to a lesser extent, from trees specially planted to provide shade. This mixture of shade trees and shrubs creates a three-tier canopy, resulting in a multi-species system similar in structure and function to a forest, known as an agroforest. Cacao agroforestry systems include full-sun cacao, diversified-shade cacao, and specialized-shade cacao. Achieving an appropriate level of shading for cacao is important, since it affects yield and can influence pest and disease outbreaks. Shade in cacao also helps to maintain biodiversity, so getting shade right in cacao agroforestry is important. This chapter examines the benefits and problems associated with growing cacao with and without shade.

Australian Tropical Rain Forest Trees and Shrubs.

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Neil Snow ◽  
B. P. M. Hyland ◽  
T. Whiffin ◽  
D. C. Christophel ◽  
B. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

scholarly journals Utilization of the Hollies (Ilex L. spp.): A Review

Forests ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Xin Yao ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Richard T. Corlett
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Economic Potential ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

The hollies (Ilex L., Aquifoliaceae) form a large (>669 spp.) genus of forest trees and shrubs, which is almost cosmopolitan in mesic environments but most diverse in subtropical China and montane South America. Throughout the range of the genus, Ilex species have been utilized as beverages, medicines, ornamentals, honey plants, timber, and for various other minor uses. Recent studies on the genomics, evolution, and biogeography of Ilex now make it possible to take a systematic approach to understanding and expanding the economic importance of the genus, but information on existing uses is scattered among numerous published and unpublished sources. We therefore review the existing literature on utilization of Ilex species, supplementing this with information from the grey literature and product websites. We show that, despite the number and diversity of known uses, most Ilex species are not known to be utilized at present, suggesting considerable unrealized potential. We highlight gaps in our knowledge and opportunities for expanded usage. Finally, we discuss how the availability of a new phylogeny and whole genome can assist screening of additional wild species for economic potential and facilitate breeding programs for species already under cultivation.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Oregon Forest Trees and Shrubs to Phytophthora ramorum: A Comparison of Artificial Inoculation and Natural Infection

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Hansen ◽  
J. L. Parke ◽  
W. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Natural Infection ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Forest Trees ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Inoculation Techniques ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Phytophthora ramorum is an invasive pathogen in some mixed-hardwood forests in California and southwestern Oregon, where it causes sudden oak death (SOD) on some members of Fagaceae, ramorum shoot dieback on some members of Ericaceae and conifers, and ramorum leaf blight on diverse hosts. We compared symptoms of P. ramorum infection resulting from four different artificial inoculation techniques with the symptoms of natural infection on 49 western forest trees and shrubs; 80% proved susceptible to one degree or another. No single inoculation method predicted the full range of symptoms observed in the field, but whole plant dip came closest. Detached-leaf-dip inoculation provided a rapid assay and permitted a reasonable assessment of susceptibility to leaf blight. Both leaf age and inoculum dose affected detached-leaf assays. SOD and dieback hosts often developed limited leaf symptoms, although the pattern of midrib and petiole necrosis was distinctive. Stem-wound inoculation of seedlings correlated with field symptoms for several hosts. The results suggested that additional conifer species may be damaged in the field. Log inoculation provided a realistic test of susceptibility to SOD, but was cumbersome and subject to seasonal variability. Pacific rhododendron, salmonberry, cascara, and poison oak were confirmed as hosts by completing Koch's postulates. Douglas-fir was most susceptible to shoot dieback shortly after budburst, with infection occurring at the bud.

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