Assessing environmental risk factors affecting the inflammatory bowel diseases: A joint workshop of the Crohnʼs & Colitis Foundations of Canada and the USA

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Bernstein
2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. e18-e24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Frolkis ◽  
Levinus A Dieleman ◽  
Herman W Barkema ◽  
Remo Panaccione ◽  
Subrata Ghosh ◽  
...  

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which consists of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gas-trointestinal tract. In genetically susceptible individuals, the interaction between environmental factors and normal intestinal commensal flora is believed to lead to an inappropriate immune response that results in chronic inflammation. The incidence of IBD have increased in the past century in developed and developing countries. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of the association between environmental risk factors and IBD. A number of environmental risk factors were investigated including smoking, hygiene, microorganisms, oral contraceptives, antibiotics, diet, breast-feeding, geographical factors, pollution and stress. Inconsistent findings among the studies highlight the complex pathogenesis of IBD. Additional studies are necessary to identify and elucidate the role of environmental factors in IBD etiology.


2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1464-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar López-Serrano ◽  
José L. Pérez-Calle ◽  
Maria Teresa Pérez-Fernández ◽  
Juan Manuel Fernández-Font ◽  
Daniel Boixeda de Miguel ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-659.e4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Piovani ◽  
Silvio Danese ◽  
Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet ◽  
Georgios K. Nikolopoulos ◽  
Theodore Lytras ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 160 (6) ◽  
pp. S-557-S-558
Author(s):  
Gianna Stoleru ◽  
Andrew R. Leopold ◽  
Amanda Auerbach ◽  
Shelley Nehman ◽  
Uni Wong

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