scholarly journals Overcoming Challenges of Incorporating Higher Tier Data in Ecological Risk Assessments and Risk Management of Pesticides in the United States: Findings and Recommendations from the 2017 Workshop on Regulation and Innovation in Agriculture

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven L Levine ◽  
Jeffrey Giddings ◽  
Theodore Valenti ◽  
George P Cobb ◽  
Danesha Seth Carley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

scholarly journals Using Laboratory, Mesocosm, and Field Data In Ecological Risk Assessments for Nearshore Dispersant Use

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 1023-1026
Author(s):  
Don Aurand ◽  
Gina Coelho
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Field Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Response Process ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

ABSTRACT In the United States, pre-approval for dispersant use exists only in conservatively defined circumstances of water depth and/or distance off shore. Historical records suggest that most opportunities for dispersant use will occur closer to shore and in shallower water than defined in existing pre-approval areas. The issue is to determine when it is appropriate to relax these standards in order to protect sensitive nearshore habitats, despite the potential for increased ecological effects in the water column. This paper reviews selected data in the context of Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) protocols. In some cases onshore impacts are clearly decreased by dispersant use without adversely affecting the water column. This is especially true for small- or moderate-sized spills, often not viewed as a high priority for dispersant use. In other cases, however, trade-off decisions must be made, and when the ERA approach is properly integrated into oil spill response process, it can improve the likelihood of proper use of dispersants, and assist in the identification of appropriate dispersant response capabilities.

Procedural Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessments at U.S. Army Sites, Volume 2 - Research and Bimonitoring Methods for the Characterization of Ecological Effects.

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Simini ◽  
Thomas W. LaPoint ◽  
James D. Florian ◽  
Warren Jr. ◽  
Dixon Travis K. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

scholarly journals Ecological risk assessments of endocrine disrupting organotin compounds using marine neogastropods in Hong Kong

Chemosphere ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 922-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M.Y. Leung ◽  
Rita P.Y. Kwong ◽  
W.C. Ng ◽  
Toshihiro Horiguchi ◽  
J.W. Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Organotin Compounds ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

scholarly journals Selecting Bioassay Test Species at the Screening Level of Soil Ecological Risk Assessments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 4314
Author(s):  
Dokyung Kim ◽  
Tae-Yang Lee ◽  
Lia Kim ◽  
Rongxue Cui ◽  
Jin Il Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Field Soils ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessments

For site-specific soil ecological risk assessments (SERAs), an integrated chemical, ecotoxicological, and ecological analysis needs to be performed. The SERA guidelines of international institutions and countries recommend that a SERA be initiated at the screening level to save time and social economic cost; however, they provide no unified test species for this screening level. This study performed SERAs for field soils and confirmed the importance of selecting bioassay test species that reflect the ecotoxicity of field soils at the screening level. To confirm test species that reflect the ecological risk of field soils, correlation analysis was performed on the results of each bioassay with the integrated ecotoxicological risk index (EtoxRI). Our results showed that soil algae, nematodes, and plants were the most representative species in soil assays, with high correlation coefficients with EtoxRI. The results imply the importance of selecting test species that represent ecological risk for the screening level of SERAs. Based on these findings, when using SERAs, species sensitivity, ecological relevance, and economic aspects should be considered when selecting the bioassay test species.

scholarly journals Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-680
Author(s):  
SHANE HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Agriculture

A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.

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