Disinfection of environmental objects against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens

The purpose of the research is developing a method for disinfection of environmental objects against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens.Materials and methods. At the VNIIP – FSC VIEV vivarium, a bioassay test was performed to experimentally infect 60 chickens aged 14 days which were divided into six equivalent groups of 10 birds each and kept isolated in cages. Chickens from the first, second and third groups were administered orally, using a micropipette, 1 ml of an Eimeria oocyst suspension treated with 4, 5 and 6% solutions of the combined eimeriocide agent. Chickens from the fourth group were administered 1 ml of Eimeria oocyst suspension treated with 4% phenol solution (base drug). Chickens from the fifth group received 1 ml of a buffered solution and were used as a noninfected control. Chickens from the sixth group received 1 ml of suspension containing 2000 oocysts/mL and were used as an infected control. The efficacy of disinfection with eimeriocide and the basic drug was determined based on the percentage of decrease in the recovery of Eimeria oocysts after being exposed to drugs as compared to chickens of the infected control. The efficacy of 5% eimeriocide against poultry coccidia oocysts in a production test was determined empirically with the set of oocysts on control sites as compared with the basic drug on a poultry farm in the Moscow Region.Results and discussion. The intense-effectiveness of 4% eimeriocide against coccidia oocysts was 99.31%, and the 5 and 6% combined agent showed 100% efficacy. The basic drug, 4% phenol showed 74.65% intense-effectiveness. The results obtained in the production test of 5% eimeriocide at a dose of 0.5 l per 1 m2 with a 2 hour-exposure indicate its high efficacy for disinfection against coccidia oocysts in broiler chickens. The intense-effectiveness was 97.25% versus 59.03% efficacy of the base drug, phenol.

STATUS KERENTANAN NYAMUK Aedes aegypti TERHADAP INSEKTISIDA SIPERMETRIN DI AREA PERIMETER DAN BUFFER PELABUHAN TANJUNG EMAS KOTA SEMARANG

An assessment of the use of insecticides needs to be done because of the threat of insecticide resistance problems in the application of vector control for dengue. A descriptive observational study was conducted to determine the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti against 0.05% cypermethrin insecticide at Tanjung Emas Port, Semarang. The study was conducted using the WHO standard bioassay, biochemical, and molecular (PCR) assays. Interviews were conducted with selected respondents to find out the history of insecticide use. The results showed that the susceptibility status of the Aedes aegypti mosquito in the perimeter and buffer area with the WHO standard bioassay test was still vulnerable, with the mortality of Aedes aegypti samples collected from the two study sites being 100%. Biochemical tests showed that 0.05% cypermethrin was still susceptible to Ae. aegypti, with a yield of 100% mortality in both study areas. However, the results of the PCR test showed that homozygous resistance and heterozygous resistance were 80% and 20% respectively in the perimeter region, while in the buffer region it was 40% and 60%, respectively. The results of interviews with program managers showed that 100% of the officers had complied with the standard operating procedure for fogging activities with the insecticides used, i.e. malathion and cypermethrin. Both types of insecticides have been used on a rotational basis. However, the rotation of these insecticides has not been carried out routinely and periodically. Abstrak Evaluasi terhadap penggunaan insektisida perlu dilakukan karena adanya ancaman masalah resistensi insektisida dalam aplikasi program pengendalian vektor demam berdarah dengue. Studi observasional deskriptif dilakukan untuk melihat status kerentanan Aedes aegypti terhadap insektisida sipermetrin 0,05% di Pelabuhan Tanjung Emas Semarang. Studi menggunakan uji bioassay standar WHO, biokimia, dan molekuler (PCR). Kegiatan wawancara dilakukan pada responden terpilih untuk mengetahui riwayat penggunaan insektisida. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah pengelola program dan masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Ae. aegypti di area perimeter dan buffer dengan uji bioassay standar WHO masih rentan, dengan kematian nyamuk uji yang dikoleksi dari dua lokasi studi masing-masing sebesar 100%. Uji biokimia menunjukkan bahwa sipermetrin 0,05% masih susceptible terhadap Ae. aegypti, dengan hasil sebesar 100% kematian di kedua area studi. Namun, uji PCR menunjukkan sudah terdapat proses mekanisme menuju resistensi dengan hasil resisten homozigot dan resisten heterozigot di area perimeter adalah 80% dan 20%, sedangkan area buffer adalah 40% dan 60%. Hasil wawancara dengan pengelola program menunjukkan 100% petugas sudah menerapkan standar, operasi, dan pelaksanaan kegiatan fogging dengan benar menggunakan insektisida bahan aktif malathion dan sipermetrin. Kedua jenis insektisida ini telah digunakan secara rotasi. Namun, rotasi insektisida tersebut belum dilakukan secara rutin dan berkala

Effect of Euphorbia royleana on Growing Stages of Freshwater Fish Channa punctatus

In this study toxicity of Euphorbia royleana latex and stem bark extract was evaluated in a static bioassay test for the fry and fingerlings of freshwater fish Channa punctatus. For fry the LC50 values for Euphorbia royleana latex were 12.66, 6.27, 4.04 and 3.05 mg/L whereas for stem bark extract the LC50 values were 113.77, 89.16, 71.99 and 56.59 mg/L for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. It seems that toxicity of latex was more pronounced as compared to stem bark extract. The LC50 values for latex for fingerlings were 22.58, 18.14, 14.99 and 12.34 mg/L whereas for stem bark extract the LC50 values were 614.35, 585.06, 535.93 and 475.37 mg/L for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. The activities of the latex and stem bark extract were time- and dose-dependant. The present study clearly indicates that Euphorbia royleana extracts should be applied with great precautions nearby the aquatic reservoirs as it is toxic to growing stages of the fish.

Selecting Bioassay Test Species at the Screening Level of Soil Ecological Risk Assessments

For site-specific soil ecological risk assessments (SERAs), an integrated chemical, ecotoxicological, and ecological analysis needs to be performed. The SERA guidelines of international institutions and countries recommend that a SERA be initiated at the screening level to save time and social economic cost; however, they provide no unified test species for this screening level. This study performed SERAs for field soils and confirmed the importance of selecting bioassay test species that reflect the ecotoxicity of field soils at the screening level. To confirm test species that reflect the ecological risk of field soils, correlation analysis was performed on the results of each bioassay with the integrated ecotoxicological risk index (EtoxRI). Our results showed that soil algae, nematodes, and plants were the most representative species in soil assays, with high correlation coefficients with EtoxRI. The results imply the importance of selecting test species that represent ecological risk for the screening level of SERAs. Based on these findings, when using SERAs, species sensitivity, ecological relevance, and economic aspects should be considered when selecting the bioassay test species.

Resistance Monitoring of Nilaparvata lugens Stall against Pymetrozine Insecticide with Determination of Diagnostic Concentrations

Nilaparvata lugens Stall is one of the main insect pests on rice crops. Intensive control of this pests using insecticides has resulted in the development of insect resistance. This study aimed to find out the level of resistance of the N. lugens population to pymetrozine insecticides by determining the diagnostic concertations. N. lugens was collected from five endemic areas in Central Java Province from October 2019 to June 2020. The data from the bioassay test were analyzed with probit analysis to obtain the LC50 value. The results of the sensitivity test showed that the Kajen population has the highest RF value (2.47), while the Karanganyar population which has the lowest RF value (1) was the most sensitive population. The determined diagnostic concentration was LC95 = 25.52 ppm with the lowest concentration limit of 7.67 ppm and the highest of 30.05 ppm. To conclude, the determined diagnostic concentration (LC95 = 25.52 ppm) is effective for detecting the susceptibililty of N. lugens population. This finding would be beneficial for monitoring resistance of N. lugens population against pymetrozine insecticides in the field.

Toxicity of Essential Oils Nanoemulsion against Aphis Craccivora and Their Inhibitory Activity on Insect Enzymes

Essential oils are widely used as botanical insecticides rather than chemically synthesized pesticides which led to catastrophic effects on humans, the environment, and eutrophication. Here, encapsulation of four essential oils Basilicum ocimum, Cuminum cyminum, Origanum marjorana, and Matricaria chamomilla were utilized in the presence of 3% v/v ethanol, as anti-insect against Aphis craccivora and compared to traditional insecticides dinotefuran and pymetrozine. Different tools were used to characterize the prepared nanoemulsion such as TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential analyzer. Besides, selected B. ocimum and C. cyminum were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass GC/mass spectrometry. The results reveal that nanoemulsion exhibited considerable toxic activities against laboratory and field strains of cowpea aphid. In the toxicity bioassay test of essential oils, moderate mortality was observed at 10,000 mg/L against aphid with lethal concentration that kills 50% of insects (LC50) values of basil 992 mg/L and marjoram 3162 mg/L. Else, nanoemulsion provided the highest mortality rate at 625 mg/L and the LC50 values of basil nanoemulsion (NE) 45 mg/L, and marjoram NE 188 mg/L in laboratory strains. The systemic effects of the tested substances acetylcholine esterase, alkaline phosphatase, β-esterases, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and mixed-function oxidase (MFO) enzymes on insects were found to be significantly decreased and increased when compared with control groups. Overall, these results highlight that the nanoemulsion is potential tools to control cowpea aphid and could be useful in developing integrated insect management in faba bean fields.

PREPARATION OF HYBRID POLYMERS AND USE AS CONTROLLED RELEASE DELIVERY VEHICLE FOR VOLATILE REPELLENT TO CONTROL Aedes aegypti

The Zika virus is a flavivirus spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which also transmits dengue and chikungunya. Current forms of control include elimination of mosquito breeding sites, use of insecticides, repellents and other means. The present study developed new adsorbent materials based on silica and biomaterials capable of releasing an Aedes aegypti mosquito repellent. The materials synthesized were characterized by Fourier-Transform Infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller analysis and tested with citronella, an essential oil widely recognized as a natural insect repellent. The materials presented type IV isotherms, with type H1 hysteresis, characteristic of mesoporous materials, with pore diameters of between 50 Å and 80 Å. Materials based on silica-chitosan-glutaraldehyde dried in an oven (SCGO) and silica-chitosan-glutaraldehyde dried under a vacuum (SCGV) were found to produce more controlled release of citronella essential oil. The bioassay test was performed using a horizontal double-choice olfactometer. The adsorbent SCGO remained stable for the four hours of the bioassay, while the commercial repellent became ineffective after two hours of release. The production of a prototype in the form of bracelets, stickers releasing a volatile repellent is therefore proposed as a method for the control of the mosquito in urban areas.

Efektivitas Stabilitas Bacillus thuringiensis H-14 Isolat Salatiga Sediaan Bubuk Terhadap Jentik Anopheles SPP. di Kabupaten Purworejo

Malaria is a vector-borne disease that is still a health problem in Indonesia. Control of vector mosquito larvae using Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt H-14) is an alternative biolarvicide. B2P2VRP has developed Salatiga Bt H-14 isolate in powder preparation which need to be tested for effectiveness stability. This study aims to determine the effectiveness stability of Salatiga powder Bt H-14 isolate against larvae of Anopheles spp. Preparation of Salatiga powder Bt H-14 isolate and its bioassay test against larvae of Anopheles aconitus were carried out at laboratory of the B2P2VRP. The stability test was carried out at the laboratory of UII Yogyakarta. The stability effectiveness test was carried out in the field in Purworejo using Anopheles spp. larvae taken in the field. The bioassay test (LC90 ) at initial and after stored at 54 o C ± 2 o C for two weeks were 6.485 ppm and 13.009 ppm, respectively. The study showed the effectiveness of stability decreased on days 2 and 3 (<70%) at dose of 26,018 ppm because of rain. Statistical test showed a difference in the effectiveness of reducing larvae mortality at days 2 and 3. The study confirmed the reduction of effectiveness of Salatiga powder Bt H-14 Isolate after stability test. Keywords: Anopheles larvae, Bacillus thuringiensis, effectiveness, Purworejo, stability Abstrak Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan di Indonesia. Pengendalian jentik nyamuk vektor menggunakan Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt H-14) merupakan salah satu biolarvisida alternatif. B2P2VRP telah mengembangkan Bt H-14 isolat Salatiga sediaan bubuk maka perlu diuji stabilitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan efektivitas stabilitas Bt H-14 isolat Salatiga sediaan bubuk terhadap jentik Anopheles spp di lapangan. Pembuatan Bt H-14 Isolat Salatiga sediaan bubuk dan uji bioassay terhadap jentik Anopheles aconitus dilakukan di laboratorium B2P2VRP. Uji stabilitas dilakukan di laboratorium UII Yogyakarta. Uji efektivitas stabilitas dilakukan di Purworejo menggunakan jentik Anopheles spp. yang diambil di lapangan. Hasil uji bioassay (LC90 ) sebelum dan setelah penyimpanan suhu 54 o C ± 2 o C selama 2 minggu adalah 6,485 ppm dan 13,009 ppm. Hasil menunjukkan efektivitas stabilitas menurun pada hari ke 2 dan 3 (<70%) pada dosis 26,018 ppm adanya pengaruh hujan. Uji statistik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan efektivitas penurunan kematian jentik saat hari ke 2 dan 3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan efektivitas dari Bt H-14 Isolat Salatiga sediaan bubuk setelah dilakukan uji stabilitas. Kata kunci : Anopheles larvae, Bacillus thuringiensis, efektivitas, Purworejo, stabilitas

Use of Clove extract against the larvae of Aedes (Culicidae: Diptera) mosquitoes

Insecticides have been commonly used to vector control. The current study has been made to evaluate the effect of Syngium aromaticum (clove oil) against the larvae of Aedes for their biocidal activity. The oil can be used in domestic container due to its biodegradable and unharmful nature. The toxicity of insecticides affects the environment. Antilarval activities were studied using clove oil with methanol and ether separately in different concentrations. The bioassay has been made against the third / early fourth stage larvae of Aedes mosquito. These were exposed with control and clove oil concentrations of 20ppm, 30ppm and 50ppm. The bioassay test has been made or the first time to know the efficacy of clove oil against mosquito larvae and check the mortality within 24 hrs.