THE PREDICTION OF TOEFL READING COMPREHENSION ITEM DIFFICULTY FOR EXPOSITORY PROSE PASSAGES FOR THREE ITEM TYPES: MAIN IDEA, INFERENCE, AND SUPPORTING IDEA ITEMS

1993 ◽  
Vol 1993 (1) ◽  
pp. i-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Freedle ◽  
Irene Kostin
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Expository Prose ◽  
Item Types

scholarly journals Effect of Ideational Prominence on Children's Reading Comprehension of Expository Prose

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Choice Test ◽  
Expository Prose ◽  
Children's Reading ◽  
Children’S Reading

The efficacy of the levels hypothesis (the prediction that ideas residing at superordinate positions in a text hierarchy are most memorable) was evaluated as a suitable descriptor of children's reading comprehension of expository prose. Third-and sixth-grade students read expository passages taken from extant curricular materials and responded to either a paper and pencil comprehension test (an open ended or multiple choice test) or produced an oral free recall. Results revealed that in only one instance (third-graders responding to the multiple choice test) did the children respond in the predicted manner: greater comprehension of main idea, gist information. The findings were interpreted as indicating little support for the levels hypothesis as a singular, accurate predictor of the information children will remember after reading expository prose. Other text-based and reader-based factors were discussed as possible explanations for the results. Implications for future research and educational practice were also discussed.

scholarly journals ABILITY TO READ STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING USING LEARNING “COOPERATIVE INTERGRATED READING”

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Sri Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Abstract: The purpose of this study namely, to determine the ability to read students'understanding using Cooperative Integrated Reading learning, while the method used in this studyis descriptive qualitative. The techniques for collecting data are collecting answer sheets whichinclude: 1) finding the main idea (main idea or theme) in the discourse / text, 2) restating thecontents of the discourse/text that has been read, and 3) developing the main idea / main idea orpictures. After conducting the research, the following results were obtained. The reading ability ofstudents, before using Cooperative Integrated Reading learning in the R2A class, was 2403 or 68%(bad), and after using Cooperative Integrated Reading learning, the students' abilities changed,namely 2.403 or 80% 9good), and the ability to read comprehension of students in class R2Bbefore using Cooperative Integrated Reading learning, namely 2.162 or 72% (low). After usingCooperative Integrated Reading, there was a change, namely 2,425 or 81% (baik). So, it is clearthat the ability to read students' understanding using Cooperative Integrated Reading learning isable to provide progress properly and precisely.Key Words: Reading Comprehension, Cooperative Integrated Reading, learning

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING READING COMPREHENSION PROCESSES IN ESP EDUCATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (49) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
Maja Stanojević Gocić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Progress Monitoring ◽  
Text Processing ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Schema Theory ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Specific Reading

Reading is regarded as a cognitive process of meaning construction, or an interactive process that comprises low-level processes of word recognition and high-level processing of ideas. Schema theory implies the meaning of а text is not embedded in the text itself; it is actually created in an active manner through interaction between the reader and the text, in which readers use their world knowledge to decode text meaning. Accordingly, readers bring their ideas, experience and previously gained knowledge into reading comprehension processes. The attainment of specific reading goals, including main idea comprehension and extracting specific information from the text, requires the employment of various reading strategies. In that sense, strategic behavior is deployed by proficient readers; it enables them to facilitate and improve text comprehension, which is the ultimate aim of the reading skill. 10 ESP students of the College of Applied Professional Studies in Vranje took part in this research as respondents. After completing their reading comprehension assignments, students reported on those tasks by virtue of think-aloud protocols. This type of research may provide an insight into specific problems students encounter during text processing activities, as well as strategies they employ to resolve them, which would facilitate the evaluation of reading performance and progress monitoring. The results imply that strategic training would enable ESP students to efficiently attain both general and specific reading goals.

A Review of Summarizing and Main Idea Interventions for Struggling Readers in Grades 3 Through 12: 1978–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Stevens ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Sharon Vaughn
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Struggling Readers ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Single Case Design ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
Single Case Designs

This systematic review examines the effects of summarizing and main idea interventions on the reading comprehension outcomes of struggling readers in Grades 3 through 12. A comprehensive search identified 30 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1978 and 2016. Studies included struggling reader participants in Grades 3 through 12; targeted summarizing or main idea instruction; used an experimental, quasi-experimental, or single-case design; and included a reading comprehension outcome. A meta-analysis of 23 group design studies resulted in a statistically significant mean effect of 0.97. Group size, number of sessions, grade level, and publication year did not moderate treatment effect. Visual analysis of six single-case designs yielded strong evidence for retell measures and a range of evidence for short-answer comprehension measures. Findings suggest that main idea and summarizing instruction may improve struggling readers’ main idea identification and reading comprehension. Limitations include the lack of standardized measures and the unreported, changing description of the counterfactual.

Sentence-Level Gist: Literacy Instruction for Students With Learning Disabilities in Co-Taught Classrooms

2020 ◽  
pp. 105345122094437
Author(s):  
Marney S. Pollack ◽  
Alexandra Shelton ◽  
Erin Clancy ◽  
Christopher J. Lemons
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Literacy Instruction ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Students With Learning Disabilities ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Identification Strategy ◽  
Main Idea Identification

Several strategies that demonstrate promise are available for educators to improve reading comprehension outcomes for students. However, some students, including students with and at risk for learning disabilities, require more intensive supports to develop proficiency in reading comprehension. To support these students, teachers must intensify instruction. This article describes an intensive main idea identification strategy, sentence-level gist, for teachers to use with students with persistent reading comprehension difficulties in the co-taught classroom. The sentence-level gist strategy requires students to determine the subject and important words in each sentence and then synthesize this information to write a main idea statement for a section of a text.

The Effects of the Paraphrasing Strategy on the Reading Comprehension of Young Students

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. Hagaman ◽  
Kathryn J. Casey ◽  
Robert Reid
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Strategy Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Text Recall ◽  
Short Answer ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Short Answer Questions ◽  
Experienced Difficulty

Reading comprehension is an important component of academic success and a skill required for many activities in school. However, little is known about effective reading comprehension interventions for younger students. This study investigated the effects of the paraphrasing strategy taught using the self-regulated strategy development model. Participants were six third grade students identified as fluent readers who experienced difficulty with comprehension. All instruction for the six participants was one on one. Results indicate that the use of the RAP paraphrasing strategy increased reading comprehension as measured by the percentage of text recall and short-answer questions (RAP is a three-step strategy: Read a paragraph, Ask myself “What was the main idea and two details?” and Put it into my own words). Ideas for future research and implications are discussed.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF READING COMPREHENSION FINAL TEST AT ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIYAH ACEH UNIVERSITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-85
Author(s):  
Rahmatun Nisa ◽  
Cut Mawar Helmanda
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
English Department ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Academic Reading ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Intensive Reading

The aim of this study is not only  to analyze the model and the items test set by lecturer of  Reading Comprehension subject but also the ability of students according to the item questions of each final test. This study analyzes the contents taken from the document test and it used descriptive quantitative approach. The gained data derived from three Reading subjects, they are: Intensive Reading Comprehension, Reading Comprehension III dan Academic Reading. The total number of the items from those three subjects is 60 items. The findings revealed that the kind of questions asked by lecturers varied, namely; Multiple Choice, Open-ended Question, Word Matching, and True and False. Based on the those documents the writer found that 6 questions about Main Idea, 16 questions about Vocabulary, 4 about references, 6 questions about inference and 28 questions about details. Then, the results of students' reading ability in answering the items were; main idea:  ​​63.59%, Detail: 76, 92%, Inference: 44,04,  Reference ; 86, 89% and Vocabulary : 73,45 %. From the five aspects students were better to answer questions in the Reference item. The implication of this research is to provide input to examiners and lecturers in giving material and in testing students at the end of the semester and to improve the ability to make test items.

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