Case Report: Pregnancy with Fetal Hydrathorax

Background: Cases of fetal hydrothorax (FHT) are rare, with an occurrence probability of 1 in every 10,000-15,000 pregnancies. The condition may remain undiagnosed, and the fetus may be aborted, or death may occur soon after birth in outlying hospitals before transfer to a tertiary care center. The incidence rate of FHT is higher in males than females (2:1). One of the most effective methods of diagnosing fetal hydrothorax is sonography. Three forms of currently available treatments are: thoracentesis, thoracoamniotic shunting (TAS), and thoracomaternal cutaneous drainage. Fetal outcomes could be improved by performing the Extrauterine Intrapartum Treatment (EXIT) procedure.Case Presentation: We present two cases of first pregnancy primary FHT. In the first case, a 24-year-old woman was diagnosed with asymptomatic FHT in the 28th week of gestation without any prior history. In the second case, a 22-year-old woman with poor medical history was diagnosed in the 35th week of pregnancy and was experienced difficulty of breathing. Both pregnancies were delivered by cesarean section based on obstetric indications. Thoracentesis was performed on both neonates, and pathological examination of the pleural fluid was conducted. However, they died shortly after birth.Conclusion: The EXIT procedure is still a challenging method. A fetus with FHT is at significant risk of pulmonary hypoplasia and respiratory distress following delivery. Early diagnosis and intervention of FHT are vital to ensure a good prognosis. Approaching multidisciplinary groups, providing supportive diagnostic facilities and financial support is essential in improving fetal outcomes and preventing FHT in subsequent pregnancies.

Gastric choristoma of hypopharynx in neonate

Summary Gastric choristoma is composed of the ectopic microscopically normal cells of gastric mucosa and can be located anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Choristomas are mostly clinically silent or present with minimal symptoms and are usually dia­gnosed in adulthood. This case report presents a neonate who experienced difficulty breathing, dyspnea, orotracheal intubation and an early surgery in the postnatal period due to a specific localization and size of its tumor. Key words gastric choristoma – benign tumor – heterotophy – neonate

Determination of the Standard Visual Criterion for Diagnosing and Treating Presbyopia According to Subjective Patient Symptoms

Presbyopia treatments using various modalities have been developed recently; however, no standard criteria exist for the diagnosis and treatment endpoint. This study assessed the relationship between the near visual acuity (NVA) and the subjective symptoms of phakic presbyopia and determined the numerical NVA threshold to diagnose phakic presbyopia and evaluate the effectiveness of presbyopia treatment. The binocular distance, NVA with habitual correction, and monocular conventional VA were measured. Patients were asked about their awareness of presbyopia and difficulty performing near tasks. This prospective observational study included 70 patients (mean age, 56 years; range, 32–77). Most patients became aware of presbyopia in their late forties, although some had difficulty with vision-related near tasks before becoming aware of presbyopia. Eighty three percent of patients (20/24) experienced difficulty with near vision-related tasks even with excellent NVA at 40 cm with habitual correction of 0.0 logMAR (20/20 in Snellen VA). In conclusion, the current study showed that patients became aware of presbyopia in their late forties, although some had difficulty with near vision-related tasks before becoming aware of presbyopia. Further investigation should include the proposal of appropriate diagnostic criteria for presbyopia and better management for patients with presbyopia.

When the Going Gets Tough, How Do We Perceive the Future?

People struggle to stay motivated to work toward difficult goals. Sometimes the feeling of difficulty signals that the goal is important and worth pursuing; other times, it signals that the goal is impossible and should be abandoned. In this article, we argue that how difficulty is experienced depends on how we perceive and experience the timing of difficult events. We synthesize research from across the social and behavioral sciences and propose a new, integrated model to explain how components of time perception interact with interpretations of experienced difficulty to influence motivation and goal-directed behavior. Although these constructs have been studied separately in previous research, we suggest that these factors are inseparable and that an integrated model will help us to better understand motivation and predict behavior. We conclude with new empirical questions to guide future research and by discussing the implications of this research for both theory and intervention practice.

Ok or Not Ok: Mental Health Conditions of the Students amidst COVID-19

The study aims to determine the mental health conditions experienced by the participants during the pandemic and identify the number of severe cases for appropriate intervention. It hypothesizes that the mental conditions of the participants vary when compared to gender. A total of 1,113 students participated in the study. A checklist was developed based on the DSM-V symptoms for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Data were gathered using online platform, wherein purposive sampling was utilized as only those with internet access can answer the survey. Data were analyze using mean and frequency distribution, and Mann-Whitney Test. Results of the study revealed that participants experienced difficulty in concentrating and sleeping. A total number of 167 participants experienced severe symptoms of anxiety and depression. Mental health conditions of the participants were found to vary when compared to gender.

THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY OF BROCA'S APHASIA

Broca's aphasia is a type of aphasia named after the French surgeon Broca. Broca's aphasic patients experienced difficulty in speaking, but they could understand both spoken and written language. There were three essential patients in the historical development of the study of Broca's aphasia. Louis Victor Leborgne (1809–1861) was also known as Monsieur Leborgne or 'Tan' as he could only utter the syllable 'Tan' throughout his 21 years of illness. The second patient was called Lazare Lelong. His language ability was slightly better than Leborgne. He could utter simple syllables, such as oui (yes), non (no), and this (trois or three). The third patient was Gage, a railway company worker. Broca studied similar cases in the following years and planned a brain function localization theory.

The balancing act: A qualitative study on remote work and childcare during the COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted many employees' world by forcing some to remote work whilst also caring for children. Methods: This study explored the remote working experiences of child caregivers in balancing work and childcare during the South African COVID-19 lockdown period (from 26 March 2020 to 31 December 2020). A qualitative descriptive design was employed to collect data through an online qualitative questionnaire with semi-structured questions. A final sample of 22 participants was included using purposive and snowball sampling. Results: Findings indicate that employees experienced difficulty balancing work and childcare, which prompted them to use personal and organisational resources to restore work-life balance. These resources included people, spaces and time. Conclusions: This study provides insight for employers and healthcare workers into how remote workers balanced work and childcare and can promote conversations or interventions on improving employee remote work experiences - especially in the unique South African context.

Children With Reduced Cognitive Efficiency and Addition of Natural Numbers up to 20: A Case Study

The study deals with teaching and learning the addition of natural numbers up to 20 in the first two years of primary school. The first part presents the theoretical background for addition of natural numbers, the procedural and conceptual approach to addition, and the theory of the additive triad. The causes of the difficulties some children have with the field of the addition of natural numbers are outlined, and the issue of reduced cognitive efficiency is briefly introduced as one of the causes. The second part of the study presents a case study of a girl (7 years old) who experienced difficulty in learning addition. The approaches to and results of remedial tutoring completed by the girl are described. In the discussion, the issue of the addition of natural numbers is incorporated into a broader pedagogical context.

Commercial Structures and the Globalisation of Viticulture in Catalonia: From Brandy to Wine and Cava (Eighteenth–Twentieth Centuries)

This paper analyses the evolution of viticulture in Catalonia since theeighteenth century, when the industry entered the international market, with massive exports of brandy to northern Europe and the Spanish colonial market. In the nineteenth century, Catalan viticultural produce was exported mainly to Latin America in exchange for the importation of cotton. After the phylloxera crisis, viticulture experienced difficulty in internationalisation until the specialisation in cava, a sparkling wine made in the same way as champagne, kept the wine production going. In the twenty-first century, thespecialisation in quality wines is also related to the export to international markets.

A Case Report on Using Biofeedback for Psychological Assessment

A psychological assessment using biofeedback was performed for an adjustment disorder inpatient who showed less verbal and non-verbal expressions, and experienced difficulty in receiving favorable results from treatment. The assessment revealed hidden problems behind the symptoms. She was subsequently discharged, after which no clinical intervention was required, including medication.