Ionic behaviors and neuronal survival in developing ganglia. III. Studies with embryonic chick sympathetic neurons

1983 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Selak ◽  
Stephen D. Skaper ◽  
Silvio Varon
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Embryonic Chick

scholarly journals AXONAL AGRANULAR RETICULUM AND SYNAPTIC VESICLES IN CULTURED EMBRYONIC CHICK SYMPATHETIC NEURONS

1973 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Teichberg ◽  
Eric Holtzman
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Vesicles ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Membrane Systems ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Golgi Membranes ◽  
Storage Vesicles ◽  
Adrenergic Systems ◽  
Catecholamine Storage

Cultured chick embryonic sympathetic neurons contain an extensive axonal network of sacs and tubules of agranular reticulum. The reticulum is also seen branching into networks in axon terminals and varicosities. The axonal reticulum and perikaryal endoplasmic reticulum resemble one another in their content of cytochemically demonstrable enzyme activities (G6Pase and IDPase) and in their characteristic membrane thicknesses (narrower than plasma membrane or some Golgi membranes). From the reticulum, both along the axon and at terminals, there appear to form dense-cored vesicles ranging in size from 400 to 1,000 Å in diameter. These vesicles behave pharmacologically and cytochemically like the classes of large and small catecholamine storage vesicles found in several adrenergic systems; for example, they can accumulate exogenous 5-hydroxydopamine. In addition, dense-cored vesicles at the larger (1,000 Å) end of the size spectrum appear to arise within perikaryal membrane systems associated with the Golgi apparatus; this is true also of very large (800–3,500 Å) dense-cored vesicles found in some perikarya.

Effects of opioids on neuronal survival in culture of embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurons

1999 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Sakaguchi ◽  
Takeshi Fujimori ◽  
Tomoko Satoh ◽  
Motonobu Satoh ◽  
Masao Takeuchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Root Ganglion ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

scholarly journals Role of nerve growth factor in the development of rat sympathetic neurons in vitro. III. Effect on acetylcholine production.

1977 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 712-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Chun ◽  
P H Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Rat Heart ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Heart Cell ◽  
Heart Cells ◽  
Nerve Growth ◽  
Rat Heart Cells

The effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on the development of cholinergic sympathetic neurons was studied in cultures grown either on monolayers of dissociated rat heart cells or in medium conditioned by them. In the presence of rat heart cells the absolute requirement of neurons for exogenous NGF was partially spared. The ability of heart cells to support neuronal survival was due at least in part to production of a diffusable NGF-like substance into the medium. Although some neurons survived on the heart cell monolayer without added NGF, increased levels of exogenous NGF increased neuronal survival until saturation was achieved at 0.5 microgram/ml 7S NGF. The ability of neurons to produce acetylcholine (ACh) from choline was also dependent on the level of exogenous NGF. In mixed neuron-heart cell cultures, NGF increased both ACh and catecholamine (CA) production per neuron to the same extent; saturation occurred at 1 microgram/ml 7S NGF. As cholinergic neurons developed in culture, they became less dependent on NGF for survival and ACh production, but even in older cultures approximately 40% of the neurons died when NGF was withdrawn. Thus, NGF is as necessary for survival, growth, and differentiation of sympathetic neurons when the neurons express cholinergic functions as when the neurons express adrenergic functions (4, 5).

Veratrine supports the in vitro survival of embryonic chick sympathetic neurons

1990 ◽  
Vol 109 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjiv V. Bhave ◽  
Ravindra K. Malhotra ◽  
Taruna D. Wakade ◽  
Arun R. Wakade
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
In Vitro Survival

scholarly journals Activation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase-1 is required for ceramide-induced survival of sympathetic neurons

2005 ◽  
Vol 385 (3) ◽  
pp. 685-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg PLUMMER ◽  
Kathleen R. PERREAULT ◽  
Charles F. B. HOLMES ◽  
Elena I. POSSE de CHAVES
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Neuronal Survival ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Protein Phosphatase 1 ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Cellular Effects ◽  
Apoptotic Effect ◽  
C6 Ceramide

In sympathetic neurons, C6-ceramide, as well as endogenous ceramides, blocks apoptosis elicited by NGF (nerve growth factor) deprivation. The mechanism(s) involved in ceramide-induced neuronal survival are poorly understood. Few direct targets for the diverse cellular effects of ceramide have been identified. Amongst those proposed is PP-1c, the catalytic subunit of serine/threonine PP-1 (protein phosphatase-1). Here, we present the first evidence of PP-1c activation by ceramide in live cells, namely NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons. We first determined PP activity in cellular lysates from sympathetic neurons treated with exogenous ceramide and demonstrated a 2–3-fold increase in PP activity. PP activation was completely blocked by the addition of the specific type-1 PP inhibitor protein I-2 as well as by tautomycin, but unaffected by 2 nM okadaic acid, strongly indicating that the ceramide-activated phosphatase activity was PP-1c. Inhibition of PP activity by phosphatidic acid (which has been reported to be a selective inhibitor of PP-1c) and tautomycin (a PP-1 and PP-2A inhibitor), but not by 10 nM okadaic acid, abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of ceramide in NGF-deprived neurons, suggesting that activation of PP-1c is required for ceramide-induced neuronal survival. Ceramide was able to prevent pRb (retinoblastoma gene product) hyperphosphorylation by a mechanism dependent on PP-1c activation, suggesting that two consequences of NGF deprivation in sympathetic neurons are inhibition of PP-1c and subsequent hyperphosphorylation of pRb protein. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for ceramide-induced survival, and implicate the involvement of PPs in apoptosis induced by NGF deprivation.

scholarly journals Peripheral expression and biological activities of GDNF, a new neurotrophic factor for avian and mammalian peripheral neurons.

1995 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Trupp ◽  
M Rydén ◽  
H Jörnvall ◽  
H Funakoshi ◽  
T Timmusk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Dorsal Root ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Sympathetic Neurons ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Embryonic Chick ◽  
Peripheral Neurons

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a neurotrophic polypeptide, distantly related to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), originally isolated by virtue of its ability to induce dopamine uptake and cell survival in cultures of embryonic ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and more recently shown to be a potent neurotrophic factor for motorneurons. The biological activities and distribution of this molecule outside the central nervous system are presently unknown. We report here on the mRNA expression, biological activities and initial receptor binding characterization of GDNF and a shorter spliced variant termed GDNF beta in different organs and peripheral neurons of the developing rat. Both GDNF mRNA forms were found to be most highly expressed in developing skin, whisker pad, kidney, stomach and testis. Lower expression was also detected in developing skeletal muscle, ovary, lung, and adrenal gland. Developing spinal cord, superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) also expressed low levels of GDNF mRNA. Two days after nerve transection, GDNF mRNA levels increased dramatically in the sciatic nerve. Overall, GDNF mRNA expression was significantly higher in peripheral organs than in neuronal tissues. Expression of either GDNF mRNA isoform in insect cells resulted in the production of indistinguishable mature GDNF polypeptides. Purified recombinant GDNF promoted neurite outgrowth and survival of embryonic chick sympathetic neurons. GDNF produced robust bundle-like, fasciculated outgrowth from chick sympathetic ganglion explants. Although GDNF displayed only low activity on survival of newborn rat SCG neurons, this protein was found to increase the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide and preprotachykinin-A mRNAs in cultured SCG neurons. GDNF also promoted survival of about half of the neurons in embryonic chick nodose ganglion and a small subpopulation of embryonic sensory neurons in chick dorsal root and rat trigeminal ganglia. Embryonic chick sympathetic neurons expressed receptors for GDNF with Kd 1-5 x 10(-9) M, as measured by saturation and displacement binding assays. Our findings indicate GDNF is a new neurotrophic factor for developing peripheral neurons and suggest possible non-neuronal roles for GDNF in the developing reproductive system.

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