scholarly journals High level of HIV-2 false positivity in KwaZulu-Natal province: A region of South Africa with a very high HIV-1 subtype C prevalence

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 2065-2071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lavanya Singh ◽  
Raveen Parboosing ◽  
Justen Manasa ◽  
Pravi Moodley ◽  
Tulio de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
False Positivity ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Drug Resistance and Viral Tropism in HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashika Singh ◽  
Henry Sunpath ◽  
Taryn N. Green ◽  
Nagavelli Padayachi ◽  
Keshni Hiramen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Viral Tropism ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes (PPROM) and pregnancy outcomes in association with HIV-1 infection in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chidebere E. Onwughara ◽  
Dhayendre Moodley ◽  
Nthabiseng Valashiya ◽  
Motshedisi Sebitloane
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Hiv 1

Full-Length Genome Analysis of HIV-1 Subtype C Utilizing CXCR4 and Intersubtype Recombinants Isolated in South Africa

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 879-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Papathanasopoulos ◽  
Tonie Cilliers ◽  
Lynn Morris ◽  
John L. Mokili ◽  
William Dowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Genome Analysis ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Full Length Genome ◽  
Hiv 1

Continued very high prevalence of HIV infection in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a population-based longitudinal study

AIDS ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1467-1472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya Welz ◽  
Victoria Hosegood ◽  
Shabbar Jaffar ◽  
J??rg B??tzing-Feigenbaum ◽  
Kobus Herbst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Very High

scholarly journals Dried blood spot specimen quality and validation of a new pre-analytical processing method for qualitative HIV-1 PCR, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerusha Govender ◽  
Raveen Parboosing ◽  
Ntombizandile Siyaca ◽  
Pravikrishnen Moodley
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Dried Blood Spot ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
Specimen Processing ◽  
Specimen Quality ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Blood Spot

Background: Poor quality dried blood spot (DBS) specimens are usually rejected by virology laboratories, affecting early infant diagnosis of HIV. The practice of combining two incompletely-filled DBS in one specimen preparation tube during pre-analytical specimen processing (i.e., the two-spot method) has been implemented to reduce the number of specimens being rejected for insufficient volume.Objectives: This study analysed laboratory data to describe the quality of DBS specimens and the use of the two-spot method over a one-year period, then validated the two-spot method against the standard (one-spot) method.Methods: Data on HIV-1 PCR test requests submitted in 2014 to the Department of Virology at Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital in KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa were analysed to describe reasons for specimen rejection, as well as results of the two-spot method. The accuracy, lower limit of detection and precision of the two-spot method were assessed.Results: Of the 88 481 specimens received, 3.7% were rejected for pre-analytical problems. Of those, 48.9% were rejected as a result of insufficient specimen volume. Two health facilities had significantly more specimen rejections than other facilities. The two-spot method prevented 10 504 specimen rejections. The Pearson correlation coefficient comparing the standard to the two-spot method was 0.997.Conclusions: The two-spot method was comparable with the standard method of pre-analytical specimen processing. Two health facilities were identified for targeted retraining on specimen quality. The two-spot method of DBS specimen processing can be used as an adjunct to retraining, to reduce the number of specimens rejected and improve linkage to care.

scholarly journals External introductions helped drive and sustain the high incidence of HIV-1 in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Rasmussen ◽  
Eduan Wilkinson ◽  
Alain Vandormael ◽  
Frank Tanser ◽  
Deenan Pillay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Epidemic Dynamics ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractDespite increasing access to antiretroviral therapy, HIV incidence in rural KwaZulu-Natal communities remains among the highest ever reported in Africa. While many epidemiological factors have been invoked to explain this high incidence, widespread human mobility and movement of viral lineages between geographic locations have implicated high rates of transmission across communities. High rates of crosscommunity transmission call into question how effective increasing local coverage of antiretroviral therapy will be at preventing new infections, especially if many new cases arise from external introductions. To help address this question, we use a new phylodynamic modeling approach to estimate both changes in epidemic dynamics through time and the relative contribution of local transmission versus external introductions to overall incidence from HIV-1 subtype C phylogenies. Our phylodynamic estimates of HIV prevalence and incidence are remarkably consistent with population-based surveillance data. Our analysis also reveals that early epidemic dynamics in this population were largely driven by a wave of external introductions. More recently, we estimate that anywhere between 20-60% of all new infections arise from external introductions from outside the local community. These results highlight the power of using phylodynamic methods to study generalized HIV epidemics and the growing need to consider larger-scale regional transmission dynamics above the level of local communities when designing and testing prevention strategies.

scholarly journals Impact of Drug Resistance-Associated Amino Acid Changes in HIV-1 Subtype C on Susceptibility to Newer Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 960-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan E. Basson ◽  
Soo-Yon Rhee ◽  
Chris M. Parry ◽  
Ziad El-Khatib ◽  
Salome Charalambous ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Amino Acid Substitutions ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Nnrti Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Phenotypic Susceptibility ◽  
Level Resistance

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to assess the phenotypic susceptibility of HIV-1 subtype C isolates, with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance-associated amino acid changes, to newer NNRTIs. A panel of 52 site-directed mutants and 38 clinically derived HIV-1 subtype C clones was created, and the isolates were assessed for phenotypic susceptibility to etravirine (ETR), rilpivirine (RPV), efavirenz (EFV), and nevirapine (NVP) in anin vitrosingle-cycle phenotypic assay. The amino acid substitutions E138Q/R, Y181I/V, and M230L conferred high-level resistance to ETR, while K101P and Y181I/V conferred high-level resistance to RPV. Y181C, a major NNRTI resistance-associated amino acid substitution, caused decreased susceptibility to ETR and, to a lesser extent, RPV when combined with other mutations. These included N348I and T369I, amino acid changes in the connection domain that are not generally assessed during resistance testing. However, the prevalence of these genotypes among subtype C sequences was, in most cases, <1%. The more common EFV/NVP resistance-associated substitutions, such as K103N, V106M, and G190A, had no major impact on ETR or RPV susceptibility. The low-level resistance to RPV and ETR conferred by E138K was not significantly enhanced in the presence of M184V/I, unlike for EFV and NVP. Among patient samples, 97% were resistant to EFV and/or NVP, while only 24% and 16% were resistant to ETR and RPV, respectively. Overall, only a few, relatively rare NNRTI resistance-associated amino acid substitutions caused resistance to ETR and/or RPV in an HIV-1 subtype C background, suggesting that these newer NNRTIs would be effective in NVP/EFV-experienced HIV-1 subtype C-infected patients.

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