Studies of 21st-century precipitation trends over West Africa

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1415-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard M. Druyan
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Precipitation Trends

All change Reskilling for the 21st century

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Owen
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century

I'd like to begin with a voyage round my grandfather. Captain Robert Owen was a native of Liverpool. He lived for most of his life not five miles from where we're gathered now. He was a sea captain and he worked for the Harrison Line, a cargo firm trading out of Liverpool to West Africa and America. One of his early commands, from 1899 to 1906, was the cargo vessel Logician. He rose eventually to be commodore captain of the line - and this wasn't because of what he could do, but because of what he knew.

scholarly journals Interorganizational Cooperation and the Fight against Terrorism in West Africa and the Sahel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka Ajala
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Security Cooperation ◽  
Interorganizational Cooperation ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
Joint Task Force

The transnational nature of security threats in the 21st Century are such that interorganizational cooperation is necessary to effectively combat these threats. This article explores a key organization, the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), charged with curtailing the threat posed by terrorism in certain parts of the Sahel and West Africa. Using the theoretical framework of Walt’s balance of threat and a combination of data obtained from ACLED and expert interviews, the article argues that the MNJTF has not been successful in achieving its mandate. This could be attributed to five lapses in the restructuring of the organization in 2015 to combat terrorism. The article concludes that for interorganizational security cooperation to be successful, the allies must equally acknowledge that they face the same existential threats which will make them commit to the demands of the organisation.

Possible impacts of 21st century climate on vegetation in Central and West Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 3-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Delire ◽  
Alfred Ngomanda ◽  
Dominique Jolly
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change in West Africa on Cereal Production Per Capita in 2050

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7585
Author(s):  
Dimitri Defrance ◽  
Benjamin Sultan ◽  
Mathieu Castets ◽  
Adjoua Moise Famien ◽  
Christian Baron
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Climate Modelling ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Cereal Production ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Food security is a crucial issue in the Sahel and could be endangered by climate change and demographic pressure during the 21st century. Higher temperatures and changes in rainfall induced by global warming are threatening rainfed agriculture in this region while the population is expected to increase approximately three-fold until 2050. Our study quantifies the impact of climate change on food security by combining climate modelling (16 models from CMIP5), crop yield (simulated by agronomic model, SARRA-O) and demographic evolution (provided by UN projection) under two future climatic scenarios. We simulate yield for the main crops in five countries in West Africa and estimate the population pressure on crop production to assess the number of available cereal production per capita. We found that, although uncertain, the African monsoon evolution leads to an increase of rainfall in Eastern Sahel and a decrease in Western Sahel under the RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) scenario from IPCC, leading to the higher temperature increase by the end of the 21st century. With regard to the abundance of food for the inhabitants, all the scenarios in each country show that in 2050, local agricultural production will be below 50 kg per capita. This situation can have impact on crop import and regional migration.

The Environment as a National Security Issue

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Matthew
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
National Security ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Social Anxieties ◽  
Entire World ◽  
State Of The Environment

In 1994 a young journalist with a sharp eye for social anxieties and a flair for dramatic prose wrote an article that described environmental change as “the national security issue of the early 21st century.” Robert Kaplan's thesis in “The Coming Anarchy” is fetchingly simple: combine weak political systems, burgeoning urban populations, grinding poverty, and a flood of cheap weapons, and society becomes highly volatile. This lethal mixture, Kaplan suggests, already is generating high levels of violence in West Africa; soon it will affect the rest of the planet. This will happen because at the root of social collapse in West Africa is environmental degradation—a problem the entire world is experiencing. The pathways to chaos may differ from one place to the next, but all of humankind is being pushed along them. The state of the environment, Kaplan concludes, has become a matter of national security.

scholarly journals DA INFORMALIDADE AO CIRCUITO INFERIOR: UM ESTUDO SOBRE A ECONOMIA URBANA EM GANA NO SÉCULO XXI

GEOgraphia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kauê Lopes dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Third World ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Urban Economy ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Mots Clés ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Different Levels

Desenvolvidos nos anos 1970, os conceitos de informalidade e circuito inferior – criados, respectivamente, pelo antropólogo britânico Keith Hart e pelo geógrafo brasileiro Milton Santos – integravam teorias que tinham por objetivo interpretar a economia urbana no Sul Global, entendido na época como Terceiro Mundo. Partindo das contribuições desses autores, este artigo busca analisar a organização da economia urbana contemporânea de Gana, país localizado na África Ocidental. Os dados quantitativos e qualitativos utilizados neste estudo foram obtidos por meio de fontes secundárias (livros, artigos e relatórios setoriais) e primárias (entrevistas semiestruturadas, descrição densa e registros da paisagem conduzidos entre 2013 e 2016), as quais permitiram não apenas reiterar o vigor interpretativo das proposições de Hart e Santos como também revelar o dinamismo contemporâneo da economia urbana do país em questão, composto por atividades que operam em múltiplas escalas geográficas, segundo diferentes níveis de organização e capitalização.  Palavras-chave: economia urbana; informalidade; circuito inferior; urbanização africana; Sul Global FROM INFORMALITY TO THE LOWER CIRCUIT: A STUDY ON GHANA’S URBAN ECONOMY IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY AbstRact: Developed in the 1970s, the concepts of informality and lower circuit – created respectively by the British anthropologist Keith Hart and by the Brazilian geographer Milton Santos – integrated theories aimed at interpreting the urban economy of countries that belonged to the so-called Third World. Based on the contributions of these authors, this article seeks to analyze the organization of the contemporary urban economy of Ghana, a country located in West Africa. The quantitative and qualitative data used in this study were obtained from secondary sources (books, articles and sectoral reports) and primary ones (semi-structured interviews, dense description and landscape records), which allowed not only to reiterate the vigor of Hart (1973) and Santos' (1975) propositions as well as revealing the contemporary dynamics of the urban economy of the studied country, composed of activities that operate on multiple geographical scales, according to different levels of organization and invested capital. Keywords: urban economy; informality; lower circuit; African urbanization; Global South DE L’INFORMALITE AU CIRCUIT INFERIEUR: UNE ETUDE SUR L’ECONOMIE URBAINE DU GHANA AU DEBUT DU 21E SIECLE Résumé: Développés dans les années 1970, les concepts d'informalité et de circuit inférieur - créés respectivement par l'anthropologue britannique Keith Hart et par le géographe brésilien Milton Santos - ont intégré des théories visant à interpréter l'économie urbaine dans des pays appartenant à la soi-disant Troisième Monde. À partir des contributions de ces auteurs, cet article cherche à analyser l'organisation de l'économie urbaine contemporaine du Ghana, un pays situé en Afrique de l'Ouest. Les informations quantitatives et qualitatives utilisées dans cette étude ont été obtenues à partir de sources secondaires (livres, articles et rapports sectoriels) et primaires (entretiens semi-structurés, description dense et fiches paysagères), qui ont permis non seulement de réitérer la vigueur de Hart (1973 ) et Santos (1975) ainsi que de révéler la dynamique contemporaine de l'économie urbaine du pays étudié, composée d'activités qui opèrent à multiples échelles géographiques, selon différents niveaux d'organisation et de capital investi. Mots clés: économie urbaine; informalité; circuit inférieur; L'urbanisation africaine; Sud global

scholarly journals Projected robust shift of climate zones over West Africa in response to anthropogenic climate change for the late 21st century

2015 ◽  
Vol 134 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla ◽  
Nellie Elguindi ◽  
Filippo Giorgi ◽  
Dominik Wisser
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Anthropogenic Climate Change ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Late 21St Century

scholarly journals Late 21st Century Projected Changes in the Relationship between Precipitation, African Easterly Jet, and African Easterly Waves

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Ibourahima Kebe ◽  
Ismaila Diallo ◽  
Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla ◽  
Fernando De Sales ◽  
Arona Diedhiou
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
West Africa ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
African Easterly Waves ◽  
Easterly Waves ◽  
African Easterly Jet ◽  
Late 21St Century ◽  
Sahel Region

The present study utilizes three high-resolution simulations from the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) to examine the late 21st century changes (2080–2099) in the West African Monsoon (WAM) features. A set of three Earth System Models are utilized to provide initial and lateral boundary conditions to the RegCM4 experiments. Our analysis focuses on seasonal mean changes in WAM large-scale dynamical features, along with their connections with the summer monsoon precipitation. In the historical period, the simulation ensemble means mimic reasonably well the intensity and spatial distribution of the WAM rainfall as well as the WAM circulation patterns at different scales. The future projection of the WAM climate exhibits warming over the whole West Africa leading to precipitation reduction over the Sahel region, and a slight increase over some areas of the Guinea Coast. The position of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) is shifted southward and the African Easterly Waves (AEWs) activities are reduced, which affect in turn the WAM rainbelt characteristics in terms of position and strength. Overall the changes in simulated AEJ and AEWs contribute substantially to reduce the seasonal summer mean precipitation in West Africa by the late 21st century, with prevailing negative changes in the Savanna-Sahel region. To further explore the robustness of the relationships revealed in this paper, future studies using different high-resolution regional climate models with large ensemble are recommended.

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