scholarly journals How Accurate Are National Stereotypes? A Test of Different Methodological Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Hřebíčková ◽  
René Mõttus ◽  
Sylvie Graf ◽  
Martin Jelínek ◽  
Anu Realo

We compared different methodological approaches in research on the accuracy of national stereotypes that use aggregated mean scores of real people's personality traits as criteria for stereotype accuracy. Our sample comprised 16,713 participants from the Central Europe and 1,090 participants from the Baltic Sea region. Participants rated national stereotypes of their own country using the National Character Survey (NCS) and their personality traits using either the Revised NEO Personality Inventory or the NCS. We examined the effects of different (i) methods for rating of real people (Revised NEO Personality Inventory vs. NCS) and national stereotypes (NCS); (ii) norms for converting raw scores into T–scores (Russian vs. international norms); and (iii) correlation techniques (intraclass correlations vs. Pearson correlations vs. rank–order correlations) on the resulting agreement between the ratings of national stereotypes and real people. We showed that the accuracy of national stereotypes depended on the employed methodology. The accuracy was the highest when ratings of real people and national stereotypes were made using the same method and when rank order correlations were used to estimate the agreement between national stereotypes and personality profiles of real people. We propose a new statistical procedure for determining national stereotype accuracy that overcomes limitations of past studies. We provide methodological recommendations applicable to a wider range of cross national stereotype accuracy studies. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina HŘebÍČková ◽  
Sylvie Graf

In a study on national stereotypes in central Europe—composed of Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, Poland and Slovakia—2241 participants rated their autostereotype (a typical representative of their own country) and heterostereotypes (typical representatives of the other countries) by using National Character Survey (NCS). Existing data from 17377 participants including self–reports or observer ratings on Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NCS were compared with the national autostereotypes and heterostereotypes. Although national autostereotypes converged with personality traits of real people in Poland and an adult subsample in the Czech Republic, national heterostereotypes did not correspond to personality traits of real people in any of the studied countries. National stereotypes were shared within as well as across countries. In heterostereotypes, raters from similar cultural backgrounds speaking similar languages agreed better as compared with raters from more distant cultures. Target country played a role in agreement of raters from different countries, showed in the highest convergence between autostereotypes and heterostereotypes of a typical German. Sharing of national stereotypes is influenced by political and economic significance of the target country. Although national autostereotypes clearly differentiated between typical representatives of central European countries, the comparison of personality profiles of their inhabitants showed remarkable resemblance. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology.


1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 512-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerella V. Ramanaiah ◽  
Fred R. J. Detwiler ◽  
Anupama Byravan

This study investigated the construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory against the Revised NEO Personality Inventory to test the hypothesis that narcissistic and nonnarcissistic people have different personality profiles The two inventories were administered to 96 male and 92 female undergraduates Multivariate as well as univariate analyses of variance indicated that the Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles were significantly different for narcissistic and nonnarcissistic groups which supported the construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Andrew E. MacNeily ◽  
Lynn Alden ◽  
Eric Webber ◽  
Kourosh Afshar

Background: Our objective was to compare personality traitsbetween urologists and other surgeons, as well as between surgeonsand non-surgeons.Methods: Eighty-six surgeons (57 faculty, 29 residents) completedthe Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), a validatedmeasure of normal personality traits. Subjects agree or disagreewith 240 statements to generate a score in each of the 5 major charactertraits: extraversion (E), openness (O), conscientiousness (C),agreeableness (A) and neuroticism (N). Each factor is subdividedinto 6 component facets. Scores for urology faculty and residentswere compared to the other surgical groups and 21 pediatricians.Results: The 3 groups differed significantly on extraversion(p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses indicated that urologists obtainedsignificantly higher extraversion scores than other surgeons(p < 0.05) and non-surgeons (p < 0.001) Other surgeons also scoredsignificantly higher than non-surgeons on the extraversion factor(p < 0.05). No significant differences emerged on openness, conscientiousness,agreeableness or neuroticism. Of the 6 extraversionfacets, urologists obtained significantly higher scores on gregariousnessand excitement-seeking (p < 0.05) than non-urologist surgeons,and significantly higher scores on gregariousness (p < 0.05),activity (p < 0.01), excitement seeking (p < 0.001), and positiveemotions (p < 0.05) than non-surgeons. Non-urologist surgeonsobtained significantly higher scores than non-surgeons on Activityand Excitement-seeking (p < 0.01).There were no significant differencesin the facets of warmth or assertiveness.Interpretation: Urologists appear to be more extraverted comparedto other surgeons. Both groups of surgeons were more extravertedthan non-surgeons. If these findings can be confirmed on a widerbasis, the data may be helpful in resident selection, mentoring,evaluation and career counselling.Contexte : Notre objectif était de comparer des urologues à d’autreschirurgiens, ainsi que des chirurgiens avec des médecins nonchirurgiens, sur le plan de certains traits de personnalité.Méthodologie : Quatre-vingt-six chirurgiens (57 membres du personneluniversitaire, 29 résidents) ont rempli le questionnaire NEOPI-R (Revised NEO Personality Inventory), un instrument validé demesure de traits normaux de la personnalité. Les sujets doiventindiquer leur accord ou désaccord avec 240 énoncés et obtiennentainsi un score pour chacun des 5 principaux traits de personnalité: extraversion (E), ouverture (O), caractère consciencieux(C), personnalité agréable (A) et névrosisme (N). Chaque facteurest sous-divisé en 6 facettes. Les scores pour les urologues et lesrésidents ont été comparés à ceux d’autres groupes de chirurgienset à ceux de 21 pédiatres.Résultats : Les 3 groupes différaient de façon significative sur leplan de l’extraversion (p < 0,001). Les analyses ultérieures ontindiqué que les urologues avaient obtenu des scores significativementplus élevés sur le plan de l’extraversion que les autreschirurgiens (p < 0,05) et les médecins non-chirurgiens (p < 0,001).Les autres chirurgiens ont aussi obtenu des scores significativementplus élevés que les non-chirurgiens pour l’extraversion (p < 0,05).Aucune différence significative n’est ressortie quant à l’ouverture,au caractère consciencieux, à la personnalité agréable ou au névrosisme.Sur les 6 facettes de l’extraversion, les urologues ont obtenudes scores significativement plus élevés pour l’instinct grégaire etla recherche de stimulation (p < 0,05) par rapport aux chirurgiensnon-urologues, et des scores significativement plus élevés pourl’instinct grégaire (p < 0,05), le niveau d’activité (p < 0,01), larecherche de stimulation (p < 0,001), et les émotions positives(p < 0,05) par rapport aux médecins non-chirurgiens. Les chirurgiensnon-urologues ont obtenu des scores significativement plusélevés que les médecins non-chirurgiens quant au niveau d’activitéet à la recherche de stimulation (p < 0,01). On n’a noté aucunedifférence significative pour les facettes de la personnalité chaleureuseou de l’affirmation de soi.Interprétation : Il semble que les urologues soient plus extravertisque les autres chirurgiens. Les deux groupes de chirurgiens étaientplus extravertis que les non-chirurgiens. Si ces résultats sont confirmésdans un échantillon plus important, les données pourraient aider à la sélection des résidents, au mentorat, à l’évaluation et au counselling professionnel.


2001 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerella V. Ramanaiah ◽  
Jennifer K. Rielage ◽  
J. Patrick Sharpe

The hypothesis that High and Low Spiritual Well-being groups have different personality profiles was tested with 319 psychology undergraduates (132 men and 187 women) who completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory and the Spiritual Well-being Scale for partial course credit. Univariate analyses of variance indicated that the High Spiritual Well-being group scored lower on Neuroticism and higher or Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness than the Low Spiritual Well-being group. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the two groups had significantly different personality profiles, supporting the hypothesis.


2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-683
Author(s):  
Mitsutoshi Okazaki ◽  
Masumi Ito ◽  
Naoto Adachi ◽  
Atsuko Sunaga ◽  
Naoko Shimmitsu ◽  
...  

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 432-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerella V. Ramanaiah ◽  
Anupama Byravan ◽  
Nguyen ThuHien

Construct validity of Weinberger's Six-group Typology of Adjustment was investigated by testing the hypothesis that the six personality types have different personality profiles. The Weinberger Adjustment Inventory and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory were completed by 170 psychology undergraduates (84 men and 86 women). Results strongly supported the tested hypothesis.


1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerella V. Ramanaiah ◽  
John P. Sharpe ◽  
Anupama Byravan

The hypothesis that people classified as Type A and Type B have different personality profiles based on five major personality factors (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) was tested using the Student Jenkins Activity Survey and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Results based on discriminant function analysis of data from 243 psychology undergraduates (105 males and 138 females) strongly supported the hypothesis indicating that Type A and Type B groups have significantly different Revised NEO Personality Inventory profiles and that the standardized discriminant function coefficients were large for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness and moderately large for Extraversion.


2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Borkenau ◽  
Katrin Zaltauskas

Effects of self‐enhancement and socially desirable responding (SDR) on rater agreement for personality profiles were studied in 304 students. Dyads of participants described themselves and their peer on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R) that measures 30 facets of personality. In addition, participants filled in six scales measuring self‐enhancement or SDR. Data analyses focussed on moderator and suppressor effects of SDR on the similarity between self‐reported and other reported NEO‐PI‐R profiles. Three kinds of profile agreement were distinguished: (a) normative agreement; (b) distinctive agreement and (c) profile normativeness, that is, how strongly a self‐reported personality profile resembled the average profile of all participants. There were no moderator or suppressor effects on distinctive agreement, but SDR predicted profile normativeness quite strongly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


1986 ◽  
Vol 148 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr Anand Kumar ◽  
A. K. Vaidya

Behavioural scientists are currently attempting to correlate individuals' usual duration of sleep with personality traits as well as with personality profiles. Studies using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Cornell Medical Index have suggested that differences between “short sleepers” and “long sleepers” show up in such traits as self-control, anxiety, extroversion, aggression and ambition (Hartmann et al, 1972; Spinweber & Hartmann, 1976), although Webb & Friel (1970, 1971) found no such differences. Glaubmann & Orbach (1977) observed short sleepers to be efficient, energetic, ambitious, self-content and socially well adjusted.


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