Perceived stress, executive function, perceived stress regulation, and behavioral outcomes of adolescents with and without significant behavior problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1359-1380
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Cumming ◽  
Stephen W. Smith ◽  
Kristen O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Stress Regulation

scholarly journals Parenteral artemisinins are associated with reduced mortality and neurologic deficits and improved long-term behavioral outcomes in children with severe malaria

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Conroy ◽  
Robert O. Opoka ◽  
Paul Bangirana ◽  
Ruth Namazzi ◽  
Allen E. Okullo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Cerebral Malaria ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Neurologic Deficits ◽  
Adjusted Scores

Abstract Background In 2011, the World Health Organization recommended injectable artesunate as the first-line therapy for severe malaria (SM) due to its superiority in reducing mortality compared to quinine. There are limited data on long-term clinical and neurobehavioral outcomes after artemisinin use for treatment of SM. Methods From 2008 to 2013, 502 Ugandan children with two common forms of SM, cerebral malaria and severe malarial anemia, were enrolled in a prospective observational study assessing long-term neurobehavioral and cognitive outcomes following SM. Children were evaluated a week after hospital discharge, and 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up, and returned to hospital for any illness. In this study, we evaluated the impact of artemisinin derivatives on survival, post-discharge hospital readmission or death, and neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes over 2 years of follow-up. Results 346 children received quinine and 156 received parenteral artemisinin therapy (artemether or artesunate). After adjustment for disease severity, artemisinin derivatives were associated with a 78% reduction in in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.07–0.67). Among cerebral malaria survivors, children treated with artemisinin derivatives also had reduced neurologic deficits at discharge (quinine, 41.7%; artemisinin derivatives, 23.7%, p=0.007). Over a 2-year follow-up, artemisinin derivatives as compared to quinine were associated with better adjusted scores (negative scores better) in internalizing behavior and executive function in children irrespective of the age at severe malaria episode. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, artemisinin derivatives were associated with better adjusted scores in behavior and executive function in children <6 years of age at severe malaria exposure following adjustment for child age, sex, socioeconomic status, enrichment in the home environment, and the incidence of hospitalizations over follow-up. Children receiving artesunate had the greatest reduction in mortality and benefit in behavioral outcomes and had reduced inflammation at 1-month follow-up compared to children treated with quinine. Conclusions Treatment of severe malaria with artemisinin derivatives, particularly artesunate, results in reduced in-hospital mortality and neurologic deficits in children of all ages, reduced inflammation following recovery, and better long-term behavioral outcomes. These findings suggest artesunate has long-term beneficial effects in children surviving severe malaria.

Replacement Behaviors: A Strategy for Teaching Social Skills to Children with Behavior Problems

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-35
Author(s):  
Richard S. Neel ◽  
K. Kay Cessna
Keyword(s):  
Social Skills ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Controlling Behavior ◽  
Instructional Component

Children with behavior problems are frustrating to teachers. Most programs for controlling behavior focus on reducing or eliminating behaviors. Instead, teaching appropriate behaviors can become part of the instructional component. Teachers can do this by evaluating the Intent of behavior and helping children achieve their intent In socially acceptable ways. The authors list steps for analyzing behavioral outcomes in order to develop teaching strategies for behavior problems.

scholarly journals Prenatal smoking and childhood behavior problems: is the association mediated by birth weight?

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Parker ◽  
B. R. Collett ◽  
M. L. Speltz ◽  
M. M. Werler
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Maternal Smoking ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Attention Problems ◽  
Prenatal Smoking ◽  
Teacher Report ◽  
Smoking During Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Smoking During Pregnancy

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with both reduced birth weight and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood behavioral outcomes, and to determine the role of birth weight in mediating such associations. The study included 489 mother–child pairs. Prenatal exposures were assessed via maternal interviews conducted on average 1 year after delivery and child behavior assessments were completed at 5–12 years of age using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF). Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with externalizing and total behavior problems according to both mother and teacher report. Maternal smoking was also associated with the following percentage increases in scores: 41% (CBCL) and 44% (TRF) for aggressive behavior and 65% (CBCL) and 47% (TRF) for attention problems. Associations with behavior problems were attenuated or no longer observed for mothers that quit smoking in early pregnancy. The proportion of the total effect of maternal smoking on behavioral outcomes explained by differences in birth weight was small and ranged from 6.6% for externalizing behavior on the CBCL to 20.1% for rule-breaking behavior on the CBCL. Our results suggest that birth weight differences explain only a small proportion of the magnitude of association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and selected behavioral outcomes.

Prenatal Exposure To Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances And Childhood Executive Function And Behavior Problems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 2135
Author(s):  
Maria H. Harris ◽  
Emily Oken ◽  
Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman ◽  
Thomas F. Webster ◽  
Roberta F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Early Parenting and the Development of Externalizing Behavior Problems: Longitudinal Mediation Through Children's Executive Function

2015 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1588-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Sulik ◽  
Clancy Blair ◽  
Roger Mills-Koonce ◽  
Daniel Berry ◽  
Mark Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Externalizing Behavior Problems ◽  
Early Parenting ◽  
Longitudinal Mediation

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Reported Cognitive Functioning: Associations of Diverse Measures of Stress across the FMR1 CGG Repeat Range

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Maltman ◽  
Leann Smith DaWalt ◽  
Jinkuk Hong ◽  
Mei Wang Baker ◽  
Elizabeth M Berry-Kravis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Repeat Length ◽  
Cgg Repeat ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
Cgg Repeats ◽  
Child With A Disability

Abstract Background: The FMR1 gene is essential for neural development and healthy synaptic function. The modal number of CGG repeats in FMR1 is 30, but the range is large with the reported copy number extending down to as few as 6 CGGs and up to over 200 CGGs. Prior work suggests that behavioral phenotypes, including cognitive function, may vary along the continuum of the FMR1 CGG repeat range. Stress also negatively influences cognitive function; however, it is not known whether FMR1-related variability (i.e., CGG repeat length), in addition to stress, independently influences cognitive function across the CGG range. Methods: Participants included 1275 mothers who had between 18 and 123 CGG repeats. Participants completed self-report measures of executive function (BRIEF-A), memory, subjective stress (i.e., perceived stress), and objective stress (i.e., number of life events, parenting a child with a disability). Stress and CGG repeat length were examined as predictors of self-reported executive function and memory difficulty. Results: Each measure of stress (i.e., perceived stress, life events, and parenting a child with a disability) significantly predicted greater self-reported difficulties in executive function and the likelihood of memory problems, net of age and level of education. Additionally, above and beyond stress effects, CGG repeat number significantly predicted executive functioning and memory difficulties. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CGG repeat length confers independent contributions to self-reported executive function difficulty and memory problems over and above indices of stress, suggesting additive effects of genetic variation and environmental exposure.

scholarly journals Genetic and Environmental Influences on Self-Reported Cognitive Functioning: Associations of Diverse Measures of Stress across the FMR1 CGG Repeat Range

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Maltman ◽  
Leann Smith DaWalt ◽  
Jinkuk Hong ◽  
Mei Wang Baker ◽  
Elizabeth M Berry-Kravis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Repeat Length ◽  
Repeat Number ◽  
Cgg Repeat ◽  
Memory Problems ◽  
Cgg Repeats

Abstract Background : The FMR1 gene is essential for neural development and healthy synaptic function. The modal number of CGG repeats in FMR1 is 30, but the range is large with the reported copy number extending down to as few as 6 CGGs and up to over 200 CGGs, conferring fragile X syndrome. Prior work suggests that behavioral phenotypes, including cognitive function, may vary along the continuum of the FMR1 CGG repeat range. Stress may negatively influence cognitive function; however, it is not known whether FMR1 -related variability (i.e., CGG repeat length), in addition to stress, independently influences cognitive function across the CGG range. Methods : Participants included 1275 mothers who had CGGs ranging from 18 to 123 repeats. Participants completed self-report measures of executive function (BRIEF-A), memory, subjective stress (i.e., perceived stress), and objective stress (i.e., number of life events, parenting a child with a disability). Stress and FMR1 -related variability (i.e., CGG repeat length) were examined as predictors of self-reported executive function and memory difficulty. Results : Each measure of stress (i.e., perceived stress, life events, and parenting a child with a disability) significantly predicted greater self-reported difficulties in executive function and the likelihood of memory problems, net of age and level of education. Additionally, above and beyond stress effects, CGG repeat number significantly predicted executive functioning and memory difficulties. There was a linear association of CGG repeat number with executive functioning limitations. The association of CGGs with memory difficulties was curvilinear, with participants in the premutation range having the greatest likelihood of reporting such difficulties. Conclusions : These findings suggest that CGG repeat length confers independent contributions to self-reported executive function difficulty and memory problems over and above indices of stress, suggesting additive effects of genetic variation and environmental exposure. Keywords : Stress, Cognitive Function, Executive Function, Memory, FMR1 , CGG Repeats

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