Identification of metabolites in plasma related to different biological activities of Panax ginseng and American ginseng

Ginseng (Panax ginseng) has long been used as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Generally, the harvest time and age of ginseng have been regarded as important factors determining the efficacy of ginseng. However, most studies have mainly focused on the root of ginseng, while studies on other parts of ginseng such as its berry have been relatively limited. Thus, the aim of this study iss to determine effects of harvest time on yields, phenolics/ginsenosides contents, and the antioxidant/anti-elastase activities of ethanol extracts of three- and four-year-old ginseng berry. In both three- and fourfour-year-old ginseng berry extracts, antioxidant and anti-elastase activities tended to increase as berries ripen from the first week to the last week of July. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis has revealed that contents of ginsenosides except Rg1 tend to be the highest in fourfour-year-old ginseng berries harvested in early July. These results indicate that biological activities and ginsenoside profiles of ginseng berry extracts depend on their age and harvest time in July, suggesting the importance of harvest time in the development of functional foods and medicinal products containing ginseng berry extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the influence of harvest time on the biological activity and ginsenoside contents of ginseng berry extracts.

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Stem-leaves of Panax as a rich and sustainable source of less-polar ginsenosides: comparison of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng, American ginseng and Panax notoginseng prepared by heating and acid treatment

Journal of Ginseng Research ◽

10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 163-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Fengxiang Zhang ◽

Shaojian Tang ◽

Lei Zhao ◽

Xiushi Yang ◽

Yang Yao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Acid Treatment ◽

Panax Notoginseng ◽

American Ginseng

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Callus of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) as a source of ginsenosides – medicinal secondary metabolites

Biological Letters ◽

10.2478/biolet-2013-0002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 27-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ewa Kochan ◽

Aleksander Chmiel

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

Panax Ginseng ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Panax Quinquefolius ◽

In Vitro Methods ◽

Derivatives Of ◽

Active Substances

Abstract:Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (P. quinquefolius) are valuable medicinal herbs whose roots have been used for ages in traditional medicine in China and North America as vitalizing and stimulating agents. The roots are obtained mainly from field cultivation, which is a slow (5-7 years long), laborious, and troublesome process; so in vitro methods started to be used to produce ginseng biomass. In our study, non-organogenic callus of P. quinquefolius synthesized the same active substances like field roots, for more than 6 years. The ginsenosides are derivatives of protopanaxadiol (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd) or protopanaxatriol (Rg1, Re). The synthesis of Rg1and Re metabolites is preferred in calli cultured in the dark and with ageing of culture.

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Discrimination of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivar Chunpoong and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) using the auxin repressed protein gene

Journal of Ginseng Research ◽

10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 395-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jong-Hak Kim ◽

Min-Kyeoung Kim ◽

Hongtao Wang ◽

Hee-Nyeong Lee ◽

Chi-Gyu Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Protein Gene ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Panax Quinquefolius ◽

Korean Ginseng

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Ectopic Expression of Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1 (PAP1) Improves the Antioxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) Hairy Roots

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9100922 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 922

Author(s):

Sora Jin ◽

Tae Kyung Hyun

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

Hairy Roots ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Differentially Expressed Gene ◽

Ectopic Expression ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Ginseng Root ◽

Anthocyanin Pigment ◽

Anthocyanin Production

The development of genetically engineered cell cultures has been suggested as a potential approach for the production of target compounds from medicinal plants. In this study, we generated PAP1 (production of anthocyanin pigment 1)-overexpressing ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) hairy roots to improve the production of anthocyanins, as well as the bioactivity (e.g., antioxidant and whitening activities) of ginseng. Based on differentially expressed gene analysis, we found that ectopic expression of PAP1 induced the expression of genes involved in the ‘phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’ (24 genes), and ‘flavonoid biosynthesis’ (17 genes) pathways, resulting in 191- to 341-fold increases in anthocyanin production compared to transgenic control (TC) hairy roots. Additionally, PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots exhibited an approximately seven-fold higher DPPH-free radical scavenging activity and 10-fold higher ORAC value compared to the TC. In α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 cells, PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots strongly inhibited the accumulation of melanin by 50 to 59% compared to mock-control. Furthermore, results obtained by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and tyrosinase inhibition assay suggested that the anti-melanogenic activity of PAP1-overexpressing ginseng hairy roots is mediated by tyrosinase activity inhibition. Taken together, our results suggested that the ectopic expression of PAP1 is an effective strategy for the enhancement of anthocyanin production, which improves the biological activities of ginseng root cultures.

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Sense Ginsenosides From Ginsengs: Structure-Activity Relationship in Autophagy

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x19858223 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1934578X1985822

Author(s):

Tao Wu ◽

Osafo Raymond Kwaku ◽

Hai-Zhou Li ◽

Chong-Ren Yang ◽

Long-Jiao Ge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Herbal Medicines ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Panax Notoginseng ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Structure Activity Relationship ◽

Activity Relationship ◽

Clinical Use ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Autophagic Activity

The term ginseng refers to the dried roots of several plants belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family. The 3 major commercial ginsengs are Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Notoginseng), P. ginseng C.A. Meyer (Ginseng), and P. quinquefolius L. (American ginseng), which have been used as herbal medicines. Over 18,000 papers on ginsengs have been published on the basis of their structural diversity and biological activities. Many reviews have summarized the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and clinical use of ginsengs, but the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of ginsenosides from ginsengs in autophagy is unavailable. Herein, we review the structural diversity of ginsenosides, especially the ones in notoginseng, and the SAR in autophagic activity is discussed in detail.

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North American(Panax quinquefolius)and Asian Ginseng(Panax ginseng)Preparations for Prevention of the Common Cold in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1093/ecam/nep068 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Jennifer Krebs Seida ◽

Tamara Durec ◽

Stefan Kuhle

Keyword(s):

Panax Ginseng ◽

North American ◽

Common Cold ◽

Methodological Quality ◽

Grey Literature ◽

American Ginseng ◽

Healthy Adults ◽

Panax Quinquefolius ◽

Root Extract ◽

Ginseng Extract

Background: Standardized ginseng extract has become the best-selling cold and flu remedy in Canada, yet much controversy regarding the efficacy of ginseng in preventing common colds remains. Objective: To assess the efficacy of ginseng preparations for the prevention of common colds in healthy adults. Methods: Comprehensive bibliographic database, trial registry and grey literature searches were conducted up to December 2007. Randomized controlled trials or controlled clinical trials comparing North American (Panax quinquefolius) or Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) root extract to placebo or no treatment in healthy adults were included. Two reviewers independently applied the study selection criteria and assessed methodological quality. Results: Five trials involving 747 participants were included. All five trials examined North American ginseng. The methodological quality of the trials varied widely. Ginseng preparations significantly reduced the total number of common colds by 25% compared to placebo (one trial; 95% CI: 5–45). There was a tendency toward a lower incidence of having at least one common cold or other acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the ginseng group compared to the placebo group (five trials; relative risk: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.48–1.02). Compared to placebo, ginseng significantly shortened the duration of colds or ARIs by 6.2 days (two trials; 95% CI: 3.4–9.0). Conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to conclude that ginseng reduces the incidence or severity of common colds. North American ginseng appears to be effective in shortening the duration of colds or ARIs in healthy adults when taken preventatively for durations of 8–16 weeks.

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