Pigments in flower stems of lisianthus under different photoselective shade nets

The lisianthus culture is demanded to produce cut flowers and pot vases, grown in a greenhouse using advanced techniques. The present study aimed to evaluate the pigments of different lisianthus cultivars in different photoselective shade nets. The cultivars Flare Deep Rose (pink), Echo Blue BL (purple) and Allemande White BI (white) were cultivated under light-diffusing polyethylene film cover and blue and red color photoselective nets with a shading capacity of 30%, in addition to the control treatment, without the use of the net. The results showed higher values of chlorophyll b and total in the red photoselective net, independent of the cultivar. Leaf colorimetry showed the most intense shade of green was from the cultivar Echo Blue BL. On the other hand, the control showed more intensity, with no significant difference in the leaf green intensity on the blue and red shade nets. In the petals, the cultivar Echo Blue BL showed a more intense blue shade in the red net, however low grade of anthocyanin than in the blue one. In the anthocyanin pigment, this cultivar had lower levels in the treatment of the red net. The results indicate that the use of photoselective shade nets in the culture of lisianthus changes the content of the pigments studied, in varying intensity, depending on the cultivar.

The Effect of Foliar Application of Organic Matter and Salicylic Acid on The Growth and Yield in Strawberry (Fragaria Ananassa)

The research was carried out in one of the greenhouses of the Horticulture and Landscape Division nursery in the Plant Production Department - Directorate of Agriculture – Najaf Governorate for the agricultural season 2018-2019. Experiment aimed to study the effect of foliar application of organic matter and salicylic acid on the growth and yield of the Strawberry.. The study included nine treatments, which are three concentrations of organic matter of (HumiferT-ULTRA) was used (0, 3, and 6) ml.L-1, and Salicylic Acid treatment with three concentrations (0, 100, and 200) mg.L-1. Furthermore, it was implemented as a factorial experiment according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed that the treatment of 3 ml.L-1 of organic matter was significantly achieved the heist values in plant height, percentage of carbohydrates, and anthocyanin pigment in the fruit, while the other traits were superior significantly at the level of 6 ml.L-1. On the other hand, the foliar application of with salicylic acid resulted in significant superiority in all the studied traits, especially at the concentration of 200 mg.L-1 except the leaf content of chlorophyll and the plant yield, which recorded a significant superiority at the concentration of 100 mg.L-1. Finally, the interaction of the study factors had a significant effect on all the studied traits.

Anthocyanin: A Natural Dye Extracted From Hibiscus Sabdariffa (L.) For Textile and Dye Industries

Environmental pollution is one of the major issues faced by all the countries throughout the world. To prevent the environment scarcity and crisis faced in day-to-day life due the increasing chemical industries, usage of chemicals and the effluents processed out after the treatment also consists of some trace elements in them. Hence the extraction of enzymes on natural basis forms an alternative criteria for the production of dye in order to reduce pollution which in turn helps to nourish and protect the environment for future generations. Hibiscus sabdariffa (L) has a rich source of anthocyanins which is further enhanced by callus production and synthesized by increasing the sucrose concentration. Anthocyanin pigments were extracted using acidified ethanol and the dye obtained was screened for GL-MS analysis and its dyeing process in textile industry. The study showed significance properties along with coloring nature on the clothes used. Color of anthocyanin pigment depends on pH maintained and also shows the adaptability towards the nature with varied environmental conditions

Phytochemical Properties of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa, L.) Plants Grown under Bio and Mineral Fertilizers in Different Types of Soil

The aim of this study was to clarify the phytochemical property evaluation of Roselle plants grown under bio Azotobacterine (Azotobacterchroococcum) and phosphorein (Bacillus polymyxa) and mineral (N, P and K fertilizers at the rates of 25, 50 and 100% from the doses recommended by Ministry of Agriculture) fertilizers applied in different types of soil. Samples of Roselle plants were obtained from different soils (clay soil at Dar El-Ramad farm, sandy loam and saline loamy sand soil at Demo farm, Faculty of Agriculture) at El-Fayoum governorate conditions. Moreover, some of the phytochemical properties (N, P and K percentage in roselle herb and its uptake, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenoids), anthocyanin pigment and pH value) of roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa, L.) under different soils were determined. The data obtained showed that, bio and mineral (NPK) fertilizers increased the above compositions of roselle plants under different soils of experiment. The maximum increase of these compositions was obtained by the treatment clay soil × 100% NPK + bio fertilizers, followed by clay soil × 50% NPK + bio fertilizers as compared to saline loamy sand soil × non fertilizer treatment, although, the differences between these treatments and mineral fertilizer at the rate of 100% NPK alone were insignificantly. Therefore, it is economically and environmentally recommended to inoculate roselle seeds with mixture of Azotobacter + Bacillus and fertilize these inoculated plants with 50% NPK for improve chemical compositions (N, P and K percentage in roselle herb and its uptake, photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B and carotenoids), anthocyanin pigment and pH value) of roselle plants under clay soil. Key words: Roselle, Hibiscus sabdariffa L., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, biofertilization, soil type, salinity, chemical composition.

A synergistic of pectinase, cellulase, and glucoamylase on anthocyanin content and extraction yield of roselle petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

The Roselle petals contain anthocyanin pigment which functions as an antioxidant and a natural food colorant. The objective of this research was to study the effect of three enzymes: pectinase, cellulase, and glucoamylase, on the quality of the extract of the Roselle petals. The fresh and dried Roselle petals were extracted using distilled water in a ratio of 1:4 and divided into five parts, in which each part was added by pectinase (P) of 1000ppm; pectinase and cellulase (PC) of 500:500ppm; pectinase and glucoamylase (PG) of 500:500ppm; and pectinase, cellulase and glucoamylase (PCG) of 333:333:333ppm, and without enzyme (TE) as a control. Furthermore, 1% of citric acid was added to all treatments. Determination of the chosen treatment used was based on residue extract, anthocyanin analysis, and the pH value. The results showed that fresh Rosella extract with PC has a yield value of 7.60% and it was not significantly different from the extract with PCG which yielded 7.37%. Dried Rosella extract with PCG had the highest yield of 22.10% compared to the control (without enzyme) of 12.96%. However, the PCG addition generated a sticky product. Both fresh and dried Roselle extracts with PC contained the highest anthocyanin content of 156.64±1.30mgL-1 and 35.09±0.04 mgL-1, respectively. The pH values of fresh and dried Roselle extracts were 2.65 and 2.24, respectively. This research showed that the treatment of fresh and dried Roselle petals with the addition of P, PC, or PCG increased the extraction yield value. Additionally, these enzymes could also increase the anthocyanin content of the extracts.

Anthocyanin Films in Freshness Assessment of Minced Fish

Introduction. Smart food packaging that alerts consumers to spoilt food by changing color is based on affordable and biodegradable raw materials. The research objective was to develop films from anionic polysaccharides and anthocyanin pigment that can be used as a freshness indicator of minced fish. Study objects and methods. The study featured frozen black currant berries (Ríbes nígrum), polysaccharide-based anthocyanin films, and minced fish. Extracts of anthocyanin pigment and films based on agar, kappa-carrageenan, chitosan, starch, and anthocyanin pigments were analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Results and its discussion. Anionic polysaccharides, i.e. agar and kappa-carrageenan, demonstrated good film-forming properties. Films based on 1.5% agar and 2% kappa-carrageenan showed elasticity, resilience, plasticity, and sufficient resistance to mechanical deformation. Neutral polysaccharide starch and cationic polysaccharide chitosan appeared to have no such qualities. An IR spectral analysis revealed chemical interactions between polysaccharide and anthocyanin molecules. It indicated the electrostatic nature of the polyelectrolyte complexes of the anthocyanin pigment with anionic polysaccharides. A film based on 1.5% agar fortified with anthocyanin pigment was used as a test-system for analyzing the quality of fish. The minced fish samples were wrapped in the anthocyanin film and left for 2–7 min to register the color change of the film. When the anthocyanin film came in contact with fresh fish, the color of the film did not change even after prolonged contact. When the film came into contact with spoilt fish, the color of the film began to change after 2 min of contact. When the contact time reached 7 min, the film turned blue. Conclusion. The type of polysaccharide and the interaction between polysaccharides and anthocyanin pigment had a significant effect on film formation. Anionic polysaccharides demonstrated the best results. Electrostatic interactions between anionic polysaccharides and anthocyanin pigments produced stable polyelectrolyte complexes. The new smart films were able to determine the quality of minced fish.