Ancient Pathogens Through Human History: A Paleogenomic Perspective

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Marciniak ◽  
Hendrik N. Poinar
Keyword(s):  
Human History

Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Human History ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Islamic Thought

The topic of Legitimate and Illegitimate Violence in Islamic Thought (LIVIT) calls for an interdisciplinary, comparative and historical approach. This has been the underlying methodological assumption within the project which bore this name. Amongst the products of that three-year project is a series of collected studies by established and emerging scholars in the field, examining how Muslim thinkers have conceptualised violence and categorised (morally and legally) acts of violence. In this opening chapter, István Kristó-Nagy first explores how violence in Islamic thought can be set against a wider consideration of violence in human history. It is this comparative perspective which contextualises not only this volume, but also the two subsequent volumes in the LIVIT series. In the second half of this chapter, Robert Gleave explains how this volume is structured, addressing the different approaches used by the contributors, and examines the different ways in which violence can be categorised.

Veiled Theory: The Transmutation of Anthropology in T. S. Eliot's Critical Method

Paragraph ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Trexler
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
Institutional History ◽  
Human History ◽  
Critical Practice ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Historical Moment

While literary criticism is often seen as an unself-reflective forerunner to literary theory, this article argues that T.S. Eliot's theory of critical practice was a philosophically informed methodology of reading designed to create a disciplinary and institutional framework. To reconstruct this theory, it enriches theoretical methodology with intellectual and institutional history. Specifically, the article argues that Eliot's early critical theory depended on the paradigms of anthropology and occultism, developed during his philosophical investigation of anthropology and Leibniz. From this investigation, Eliot created an occult project that used spiritual monads as facts to progress toward the Absolute. The article goes on to argue that Eliot's methodology of reading was shaped by anthropology's and occultism's paradigms of non-academic, non-specialist reading societies that sought a super-historic position in human history through individual progress. The reconstruction of Eliot's intellectual and institutional framework for reading reveals a historical moment with sharp differences and surprising similarities to the present.

Ritual, Rejuvenation Practices, and the Experience of Aging in Early Chinese Religion

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ori Tavor
Keyword(s):  
Aging Process ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Chinese Religion ◽  
Human History ◽  
Early China ◽  
Technological Means ◽  
Lasting Influence ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Scientific Advances

Scientific advances in the field of biomedicine have fundamentally changed the ways in which we think about our bodies. Disease, aging, and even death, are no longer seen as inevitable realities but as obstacles that can be controlled, and in some cases even reversed, by technological means. The current discourse, however, can be enriched by an investigation of the various ways in which the aging process was perceived and explained throughout human history. In this article, I argue that in early China, the experience of aging and the challenges and anxieties it produced played a constitutive role in the shaping of religious culture. Drawing on a variety of medical, philosophical, and liturgical sources, I outline two models of aging: one that presented aging, and especially the loss of virility, as an undesirable but solvable condition that can be reversed with the aid of various rejuvenation techniques, and a more socially conscious model that depicted aging as a process of gradual social ascension, a natural but fundamentally unalterable condition that should be accepted, marked, and even celebrated through ritual. I conclude by demonstrating the legacy and lasting influence of these models on two of the most fundamental tenets of Chinese religion: the pursuit of longevity and the ideal of filial piety.

Das Einhüllen und Fesseln des Körpers in den indoeuropäischen Kulturen: Zu einigen Metaphern des magischen Schutzes vor Toten und Wiedergeborenen

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Carmen Alfaro Giner
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Human History ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

Fäden, Seile und Textilien sind Elemente des Alltagslebens, die bereits früh in der Menschheitsgeschichte einen hohen technischen Entwicklungsstand erreicht haben. Das Spinnen des Fadens, eine der ältesten Formen des Wissens, scheint wie der Ursprung jeder Form der Technik untrennbar mit einer besonderen Mythologie verbunden zu sein. So müssen sich auch Fäden, Knoten und Gewebe, neben ihrer praktischen Anwendung, rasch mit symbolischen Bedeutungen aufgeladen haben. In diesem Beitrag sollen die Symboliken des Fadens, des Knotens und des Gewebes als Metaphern analysiert werden, die bisweilen mit dem Leben, bisweilen mit dem Tod in Verbindung stehen. </br></br>Threads, ropes and textiles are elements of everyday life, which have reached a high technical level of development early in human history. The spinning of the yarn, one of the oldest forms of knowledge, seems to be, like the origin of every form of art, inseparable from a particular mythology. Besides their practical use, threads, nodes and tissues must have been quickly charged with symbolic meanings. This article examines the symbolism of the thread, the node and the tissue as metaphors that are sometimes connected with life and sometimes with death.

The use of statistical methods in the analysis of mobile payment market in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Artur Borcuch
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Mobile Payment ◽  
Human History ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Mobile Payments ◽  
Payment Instruments

Payments are an inherent element of economic activity (León and Ortega 2018). However, the evolution of payment instruments and the way individuals and businesses make daily payments has undergone enormous change in human history, particularly due to main innovations in payment systems in last decades (Gandhi 2016). The last innovation in payment system concerns mobile payment. The development of mobile payments market can have a positive impact on economic growth (Leon and Rodriguez 2012). Although the Polish market of mobile payments is in the initial phase of development, it is one of the pioneering and leading in Europe and globally. The main purpose of this article is to analyze, which feature (convenience, speed, availability, ease of use, safety) of mobile payments could be the most important for users from Poland.

محمد ناصر في عيون بعض العارفين الآسيويين (Mohammad Natsir in The Eyes of Prominent Asian Leaders)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-47
Author(s):  
سوهيرين محمد صالحين ◽  
ناصر يوسف
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
Human History ◽  
The Government

يستعرض هذا البحث مكانة محمد ناصر الوزير والمفكِّر والداعية والمصلح في بلاده إندونيسيا بخاصة وآسيا بعامة. كما يبسط رأي الشخصيات الآسيوية في شخص محمد الناصر لا سيما من الذين عايشوه من قرب واحتكوا به وأفادوا منه، أمثال: أمين رئيس، وأنور إبراهيم، وفوكودا، وغيرهم من العارفين الآسيويين الذي تقلَّدوا مناصب عليا في بلادهم وأسمعوا صوتهم للعالم؛ إذ أجمعوا على أن محمد ناصر أرض هادرة، وعملة نادرة ليست قابلة للسكِّ، وحكاية غير عابرة بل حاضرة في وجدان كل إنسان في قلبه إنسان. الكلمات المفتاحية: محمد ناصر، إندونيسيا، محمد رئيس، أنور إبراهيم، فوكودا. Abstract The paper attempts to expose the position of Muhammad Natsir in his capacity as Prime Minister, thinker, preacher and Muslim reformer of Indonesia and Asia in general. Prominent figures, such as Amin Rais, Dato Seri Anwar Ibraham and Takeo Fukuda and many others who occupied high post within the government gave high appreciation on personal characters of Mohammad Natsir. He is beyond any doubt possessed valuable character and left lasting memory in human history. Keywords: Mohammad Natsir, Amin Rais, Anwar Ibrahim and Takeo Fukuda.

Self-Regulation and Human Progress

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Human History ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
The Right ◽  
First Time

Does humanity progress primarily through leaders organizing and directing followers, or through trial and error by individuals free to chart their own path? For most of human history ruling classes had the capacity and the desire to tightly regiment society, to the general detriment of progress. But beginning in the 1500s, Europeans developed a series of arguments for simply leaving well enough alone. First in the form of the scientific method, then in the form of free expression, and finally in the form of the continuously, spontaneously reordered free market, people began to accept that progress is hard, and requires that an immense number of mistakes be tolerated so that we may learn from them. This book tells the story of the development of these three ideas, and for the first time tells of the mutual influence among them. It outlines the rise, and dramatic triumph, of each of these self-regulating systems, followed by a surprising rise in skepticism, especially in the economic context. Such skepticism in the 20th century was frequently costly and sometimes catastrophic. Under the right conditions, which are more frequent than generally believed, self-regulating systems in which participants organize themselves are superior. We should accept their turbulence in exchange for the immense progress they generate.

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