Human-Derived In Vitro Models Used for Skin Toxicity Testing Under REACh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne N. Kolle ◽  
Robert Landsiedel
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Models

scholarly journals Safety Assessment of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles and Spray-Coated Textiles

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1991
Author(s):  
Rossella Bengalli ◽  
Luisa Fiandra ◽  
Claudia Vineis ◽  
Diego Omar Sanchez-Ramirez ◽  
Nuno G. Azoia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Care ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Spray Coating ◽  
Skin Toxicity ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Artificial Sweat ◽  
Coated Fabrics ◽  
Textile Coating

Polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles (NPs) are used for the coating of materials, such as textiles, with biomedical applications, including wound care and tissue engineering, but they are also promising antibacterial agents. In this work, PPy NPs were used for the spray-coating of textiles with antimicrobial properties. The functional properties of the materials were verified, and their safety was evaluated. Two main exposure scenarios for humans were identified: inhalation of PPy NPs during spray (manufacturing) and direct skin contact with NPs-coated fabrics (use). Thus, the toxicity properties of PPy NPs and PPy-coated textiles were assessed by using in vitro models representative of the lung and the skin. The results from the materials’ characterization showed the stability of both the PPy NP suspension and the textile coating, even after washing cycles and extraction in artificial sweat. Data from an in vitro model of the air–blood barrier showed the low toxicity of these NPs, with no alteration of cell viability and functionality observed. The skin toxicity of PPy NPs and the coated textiles was assessed on a reconstructed human epidermis model following OECD 431 and 439 guidelines. PPy NPs proved to be non-corrosive at the tested conditions, as well as non-irritant after extraction in artificial sweat at two different pH conditions. The obtained data suggest that PPy NPs are safe NMs in applications for textile coating.

In Vitro Methods as a Tool in Neurotoxicity Studies

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Hanna Tähti ◽  
Leila Vaalavirta ◽  
Tarja Toimela
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
In Vivo Tests

— There are several hundred industrial chemicals with neurotoxic potential. The neurotoxic risks of most of these chemicals are unknown. Additional methods are needed to assess the risks more effectively and to elucidate the mechanisms of neurotoxicity more accurately than is possible with the conventional methods. This paper deals with general tasks concerning the use of in vitro models in the evaluation of neurotoxic risks. It is based on our previous studies with various in vitro models and on recent literature. The induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocyte cultures after treatment with known neurotoxicants (mercury compounds and aluminium) is discussed in more detail as an important response which can be detected in vitro. When used appropriately with in vivo tests and with previous toxicological data, in vitro neurotoxicity testing considerably improves risk assessment. The incorporation of in vitro tests into the early stages of risk evaluation can reduce the number of animals used in routine toxicity testing, by identifying chemicals with high neurotoxic potential.

scholarly journals In vitro models for liver toxicity testing

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Y. Soldatow ◽  
Edward L. LeCluyse ◽  
Linda G. Griffith ◽  
Ivan Rusyn
Keyword(s):  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Models

scholarly journals Ingested Engineered Nanomaterials Affect the Expression of Mucin Genes—An In Vitro-In Vivo Comparison

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2621
Author(s):  
Gerrit Bredeck ◽  
Angela A. M. Kämpfer ◽  
Adriana Sofranko ◽  
Tina Wahle ◽  
Veronika Büttner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Mucin Expression ◽  
Mucin Genes

The increasing use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) in food has fueled the development of intestinal in vitro models for toxicity testing. However, ENM effects on intestinal mucus have barely been addressed, although its crucial role for intestinal health is evident. We investigated the effects of ENM on mucin expression and aimed to evaluate the suitability of four in vitro models of increasing complexity compared to a mouse model exposed through feed pellets. We assessed the gene expression of the mucins MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC13 and MUC20 and the chemokine interleukin-8 in pre-confluent and confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells, in stable and inflamed triple cultures of Caco-2, HT29-MTX-E12 and THP-1 cells, and in the ileum of mice following exposure to TiO2, Ag, CeO2 or SiO2. All ENM had shared and specific effects. CeO2 downregulated MUC1 in confluent E12 cells and in mice. Ag induced downregulation of Muc2 in mice. Overall, the in vivo data were consistent with the findings in the stable triple cultures and the confluent HT29-MTX-E12 cells but not in pre-confluent cells, indicating the higher relevance of advanced models for hazard assessment. The effects on MUC1 and MUC2 suggest that specific ENM may lead to an elevated susceptibility towards intestinal infections and inflammations.

Barriers, Nephrotoxicology and Chronic Testing In Vitro

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pilar Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Renal Epithelium ◽  
Acute And Chronic Exposure

In many organs of the human body, there are effective physiological barriers which contribute to regulation of the uptake, transport and secretion of endogenous and exogenous materials. ECVAM is involved in the development of several in vitro models for detecting damage to various barriers, including, the renal epithelium, the intestinal barrier, and the blood–brain barrier, after acute and chronic exposure to chemicals and products of various kinds. Long-term toxicity testing is an important issue in toxicology. At present, there are no generally accepted in vitro models available for replacing chronic testing in animals. Under chronic exposure conditions, the cellular response is greater than that which can be predicted in the standard cytotoxicity models. Therefore, the approach to predicting chronic toxicity will need to involve more-complex in vitro models. Several currently available in vitro long-term toxicity systems are under evaluation.

Computational fluid dynamics applied to the ventilation of small-animal laboratory cages

2020 ◽  
pp. 002367722093771
Author(s):  
Ira Katz ◽  
Kateryna Voronetska ◽  
Mickaël Libardi ◽  
Matthieu Chalopin ◽  
Patricia Privat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Gas Distribution

Several studies based on in vivo or in vitro models have found promising results for the noble gas argon in neuroprotection against ischaemic pathologies. The development of argon as a medicinal product includes the requirement for toxicity testing through non-clinical studies. The long exposure period of animals (rats) during several days results in technical and logistic challenges related to the gas administration. In particular, a minimum of 10 air changes per hour (ACH) to maintain animal welfare results in extremely large volumes of experimental gas required if the gas is not recirculated. The difficulty with handling the many cylinders prompted the development of such a recirculation-based design. To distribute the recirculating gas to individually ventilated cages and monitor them properly was deemed more difficult than constructing a single large enclosure that will hold several open cages. To address these concerns, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the preliminary design was performed. A purpose-made exposure chamber was designed based on the CFD simulations. Comparisons of the simulation results to measurements of gas concentration at two cage positions while filling show that the CFD results compare well to these limited experiments. Thus, we believe that the CFD results are representative of the gas distribution throughout the enclosure. The CFD shows that the design provides better gas distribution (i.e. a higher effective air change rate) than predicted by 10 ACH.

scholarly journals Development of In Vitro Corneal Models: Opportunity for Pharmacological Testing

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Valentina Citi ◽  
Eugenia Piragine ◽  
Simone Brogi ◽  
Sara Ottino ◽  
Vincenzo Calderone
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Complex Anatomy ◽  
Computational Procedures ◽  
Scientific Challenge

The human eye is a specialized organ with a complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years, many in vitro models have been developed in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing. This procedure is highly necessary to ensure that the risks associated with ophthalmic products meet appropriate safety criteria. In vitro preclinical testing is now a well-established practice of significant importance for evaluating the efficacy and safety of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical products. Along with in vitro testing, also computational procedures, herein described, for evaluating the pharmacological profile of potential ocular drug candidates including their toxicity, are in rapid expansion. In this review, the ocular cell types and functionality are described, providing an overview about the scientific challenge for the development of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models.

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